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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Typhoid gamma G, gamma M and gamma A antibodies in persons with different relation to the typhoid infection.

A study has been made of the differences in specific antibodies in three classes of immunoglobulins in sera of persons with different relation to the typhoid infection. The amount of specific antibodies was calculated from the differences in the levels of serum IgG, IgM and IgA before and after absorption with purified O, Vi and H antigens. The concentration of each immunoglobulin class was determined by means of single radial immunodiffusion. The results showed a significant decrease of IgA in the sera of typhoid carriers and IgM in the sera of patients with typhoid fever and persons with typhoid history after the absorption with the above mentioned antigens. The amount of eliminated antibodies in IgA class of the sera from typhoid carriers was 2.4 time higher as compared with the sera of non-carriers with typhoid history. The level of gamma M antibodies was 2.2 time higher in the sera of patients with typhoid fever and 2.8 time higher in the sera of persons with typhoid history than in the sera of typhoid carriers. In the IgG class no significant differences were observed.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

[Blood groups of the ABO system of chronic carriers of typhoid bacteria and typhoid patients in Uzbekistan].

Blood groups of the ABO system were studied in 186 chronic carriers of typhoid bacilli and in 392 patients with typhoid fever from various districts of the Uzbek SSR. In comparison with control (healthy persons), carriers displayed a higher percentage of persons with A (II) blood group (50.88 and 42.64 against 37.51 and 32.13 in control) and a lesser percentage of persons with the O (I) blood group (21.05 and 22.48 against 32.93 and 32.07 in control). These data demonstrated that predisposition of persons with the A (II) blood group to chronic typhoid carrier state was characteristic of the Asian part of the country. In comparison with control, there were significantly less persons with the O (I) blood group and more with the AB (IV) blood group. Possible correlative mechanisms between the blood group and the typhoid infection and the development of chronic typhoid carrier state is discussed.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1976

Controlled field trials of killed oral typhoid and paratyphoid B vaccines and cell-free, chemical aerosol typhoid vaccine.

Three controlled field trials were carried out. One of them (1963) showed that an aerosol with cell-free, chemical typhoid vaccine did not protect vaccinees from the disease. The other trials (1964 and 1965) assessing the efficacy of killed oral typhoid vaccine revealed a short term (up to 3 months) protective effect. In the trial of oral paratyphoid B vaccine no statistically significant difference in morbidity in the test and control groups was observed due to the small number of cases.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Detection of antibodies to Salmonella "O" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. II. Assessment in patients with typhoid fever and in a healthy population.

Two different population groups were studied. In one, 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of typhoid fever. Serum determinations were made for the detection of antibodies to S. typhi somatic antigen using Widal technique, surface fixation test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). In the other group, 350 healthy subjects were studied to determine the minimum diagnostic titer by means of CIE. It was possible to establish that a 1:16 titer was suggestive of typhoid fever when CIE techniques were used. Surface fixation test showed the highest sensitivity levels. CIE with sensitivity levels similar to those found in Widal's reaction exceeds the other test because of its standardization and greater reproducibility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Typhoid Toxin of Salmonella enterica Induces ISG15 Responses Mediating Host Cell Survival and Counteracting Intracellular Infection.

The typhoid toxin is a secreted virulence factor of typhoidal serovars of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica implicated in typhoid fever and chronic infections. The toxin causes a DNA damage response in human cells, characterised by cell-cycle arrest and cellular distension, resulting in cellular senescence and increased bacterial burden. To better understand host responses to typhoid toxin, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of intoxicated host cells and found that the toxin induced expression of genes relating to the type-I interferon response, including the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15. ISG15 was upregulated in a STING-dependent manner, reduced bacterial burden, and was found to be critical to host cell survival in response to the typhoid toxin and interferon. This highlights ISG15 as an important component of the host cell defence to the typhoid toxin.

Humans↗
PubMed2022

Spatial-temporal and phylogenetic analyses of epidemiologic data to help understand the modes of transmission of endemic typhoid fever in Samoa.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is either widely distributed or proximally transmitted via fecally-contaminated food or water to cause typhoid fever. In Samoa, where endemic typhoid fever has persisted over decades despite water quality and sanitation improvements, the local patterns of S. Typhi circulation remain unclear. From April 2018-June 2020, epidemiologic data and GPS coordinates were collected during household investigations of 260 acute cases of typhoid fever, and 27 asymptomatic shedders of S. Typhi were detected among household contacts. Spatial and temporal distributions of cases were examined using Average Nearest Neighbor and space-time hotspot analyses. In rural regions, infections occurred in sporadic, focal clusters contrasting with persistent, less clustered cases in the Apia Urban Area. Restrictions to population movement during nationwide lockdowns in 2019-2020 were associated with marked reductions of cases. Phylogenetic analyses of isolates with whole genome sequences (n = 186) revealed one dominant genotype 3.5.4 (n = 181/186) that contains three Samoa-exclusive sub-lineages: 3.5.4.1, 3.5.4.2, and 3.5.4.3. Variables of patient sex, age, and geographic region were examined by phylogenetic groupings, and significant differences (p<0.05) associated genetically-similar isolates in urban areas with working ages (20-49 year olds), and in rural areas with age groups typically at home (<5, 50+). Isolates from asymptomatic shedders were among all three sub-lineages. Whole genome sequencing provided evidence of bacterial genetic similarity, which corroborated 10/12 putative epidemiologic linkages among cases and asymptomatic shedders, as well as 3/3 repeat positives (presumed relapses), with a median of one single nucleotide polymorphism difference. These findings highlight various patterns of typhoid transmission in Samoa that differ between urban and rural regions as well as genomic subtypes. Asymptomatic shedders, detectable only through household investigations, are likely an important reservoir and mobile agent of infection. This study advances a "Samoan S. Typhi framework" that supports current and future typhoid surveillance and control efforts in Samoa.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Diagnostic value of the Widal test in areas endemic for typhoid fever.

The usefulness of a single Widal test to diagnose typhoid fever in endemic areas was investigated. Reciprocal Salmonella typhi O and H titers greater than or equal to 40 and greater than or equal to 80, respectively, occurred in approximately 90% of 42 Mexican patients with bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever at the time of presentation to hospital and, by day 4 to 5 of clinical illness, in 70% of U.S. adult volunteers who developed typhoid fever in the course of vaccine efficacy trials but in only 0.7% (O) to 3% (H) of 275 healthy individuals from a non-endemic area. Healthy Peruvians from areas endemic for typhoid fever commonly had antibody which was age-related. Peak prevalence was found in 15- to 19-yr-olds in whom 29% had O titers greater than or equal to 40 and 76% had H titers greater than or equal to 80. A single Widal test in an unvaccinated individual showing elevated O and H titers is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever if the person comes from a non-endemic area or is a child less than 10 yr of age in an endemic area. Because of the high prevalence of antibody amongst healthy invididuals over 10 yr of age in endemic, areas, a single Widal test offers virtually no diagnostic assistance in adolescents and adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, including enteric fever and typhoid carriers.

Forty-three patients suffering from typhoid fever, 11 from paratyphoid fever, six from bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella flexneri, and nine carriers of Salmonella typhi or S. paratyphi B, have been treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compound. Fifty-one of the 54 patients who had typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever responded satisfactorily to treatment. Two patients with typhoid fever failed to respond and one died. In the patients with bacillary dysentery acute symptoms subsided rapidly within 24 hours of starting trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Seven of the nine typhoid or paratyphoid carriers have been followed up after treatment and only one remains a fecal excretor of S. typhi. Five patients in the series developed a skin rash during therapy, one a macrocytic anemia and one reversible neutropenia. It is concluded that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is an effective agent for the treatment of enteric fever, severe bacillary dysentery and typhoid carriers.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Chemotherapy of typhoid fever: a review of literature.

Until the last few years, chloramphenicol was recognized positively as the drug of choice in the treatment of acute typhoid fever. Its hematoxicity, as well as the recently observed epidemic and the present endemic occurrence of S. typhi strains with R-factor-mediated resistance to chloramphenicol in Mexico, India and South-EAst Asia, render the clinical evaluation of new antibacterial agents extremely important. By means of a literature review on controlled comparative trials, the value of thiamphenicol, ampicillin, amoxycillin, furazolidone and co-trimoxazole as alternative drugs for the treatment of acute typhoid fever is examined. Co-trimoxazole seems to be the drug of choice in the treatment of acute typhoid fever. For the treatment of the chronic typhoid carrier ampicillin is most frequently used, but amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole seem to be just as effective.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1979

Fluorescent Vi antibody test in the screening of typhoid carriers.

The comparative efficacies of direct bacterial agglutination and immunofluorescent antibody for the estimation of serum Vi antibody were determined in the detection of typhoid carriers. Sera from all 12 typhoid carriers gave significant titers of 1/10 or more in the direct bacterial agglutination test; however, 26 of 119 (21.8%) sera from culture-negative individuals were also falsely positive. In the fluorescent Vi antibody test, 11 of 12 typhoid carriers showed significant serum antibody levels, while only two of 119 (1.7%) culture-negative subjects had significant antibody titers. In view of the much lower false-positive rate, the immunofluorescent Vi antibody test is considered to be superior to the direct bacterial agglutination test in the screening of typhoid carriers.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

Typhoid cardiac involvement.

Three cases of typhoid cardiac complications are reported. Salmonella typhi was the aetiological agent in all three; The discovery of 3 patients over a period of 18 months merits special interest, especially since typhoid fever is endemic in the area concerned. The significance of the complication reported here is further enhanced by absence of similar specific cases in the English literature dealing with cardiac salmonellosis. One of the cases described in this article, the only fatality of the series, developed a rhythm disturbance identical with that of a patient whose myocardial abscess was due to Salmonella typhimurium. The rarity of typhoid cardiac complications may be deceptive; The septicaemic disturbance may mask it and one must note that cardiac salmonellosis is reported from developed countries, where typhoid fever is a rarity.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Salmonella typhi--induced stimulation of blood lymphocytes from persons with previous typhoid fever.

In 21 persons with previous typhoid fever and in 15 controls thymidine incorporation of blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by killed Salmonella typhi was studied. The optimal culture conditions were established to be a cell density of 10(5) cells per vial, stimulated with 10(8) S. typhi and incubated for 5 days. The lymphocytes response to S. typhi was significantly higher in the typhoid group than in the controls. The lymphocyte responsiveness was not correlated to the time elapsed since the attack, and was not found different in patients who had had typhoid relapse. No difference was found in lymphocyte response to the mitogens PHA, PWM and Con-A between the typhoid group and the controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Studies of the effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis, and typhoid vaccine on synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III in the dog.

Effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis and typhoid vaccine on the synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III (AT) in dogs were studied, using I-125-labeled AT (I-125-AT) as a tracer. Five dogs were used for each study. A single intramuscular injection of 20 mg estradiol caused a 20% decrease of plasma AT concentration in 6 days without appreciable changes in the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT but with a significant decrease in the fractional catabolic rate of I-125-AT(j3u). A single intramuscular injection of 250 mg progesterone did not produce any appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. On the other hand, intravenous and intramuscular injections of a total of 750 mg cortisol caused a 17% increase of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injections without alterations of the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. Next, thrombophlebitis was produced in dogs by a single intravenous injection of 1 ml 90% phenol into a leg vein occluded for 1 min by a gauze tourniquet and the effects of thrombophlebitis were studied. The results indicated that it did not cause appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. However, studies of the effects of a single intravenous injection of 3 ml typhoid vaccine showed a 25% decrease of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injection with a moderate acceleration of the decline rate of plasma I-125-AT and a 14% increase in j3u values. Further studies in heparinized dogs showed similar effects with typhoid vaccine. These results indicate that estradiol causes a decreased rate of AT synthesis, that progesterone has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism, that cortisol increases the rate of AT synthesis, that localized thrombophlebitis has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism and that typhoid vaccine causes an increased j3u by unknown mechanisms which is not an accelerated coagulation process.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. I. The Widal reaction.

The outbreak of typhoid fever in Aberdeen during 1964 (Walker, 1965) presented an opportunity to study the antibody titres of typhoid fever patients and of TAB immunized individuals to obtain further knowledge concerning the behaviour of these titres with the passage of time.This paper gives an abbreviated version of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964.The antibody titres of patients were followed up for a period of 2 years after discharge from hospital and the findings have been compared with those in TAB immunized healthy individuals. The following points emerged:(1) The value of the Widal test as an aid to diagnosis was limited;(2) the flagellar antibody titre in patients' sera provided a more reliable aid towards diagnosis than did the somatic antibody titre;(3) the response of immunized and non-immunized patients to the somatic antigens was poor and often delayed well into the period following discharge from hospital;(4) titres of 1/40 and over for Vi agglutinins were present in immunized and non-immunized patients for at least 12 months after discharge without their being S. typhi excretors;(5) Vi agglutinin titres as high as 1/40 were present in TAB immunized healthy individuals and also in members of the general public;(6) the presence of S. typhi septicaemia need not result in a high antibody titre;(7) patients who relapse, may do so without enhancement of previous antibody titres and may relapse even in the presence of earlier appreciable titres.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1976

[Live enteric typhoid vaccine consisting of a Vi-negative double-dependent mutant of S. typhi and a Vi-positive strain of Citrobacter].

The authors present experimental data on the study of the living enteral vaccine against the typhoid infection from the Vi-negative strain of salmonella with a double-dependence by streptomycin and purine, and from the Vi-positive strain -- citrobacter 5396/38. The method of immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed an indenticity of the O- and H-antigens of the doubledependent mutant with the O- and H-antigens of the typhoid strains of bacteria (Ty2-4446 and 5501). A sufficiently marked immunological reaction was revealed in the tests of antibody formation and in the study of the preventive activity of the sera of the immunized rabbits. The efficacy of the enteral immunization with the associated vaccine consisting of a doubledependent mutant of typhoid bacilli and the citrobacter strain in the doses tested (a 6-fold immunization) was demonstrated in experiments on albino mice. Association in one preparation of the cultures under study did not lead to any changes in the immunogenic properties of these strains. The cells of the mutant strain administered per os gave a positive culture (from the mouse organism) only in the course of the first 24 hours, in difference from the citrobacter strain which gave a positive culture in the course of 14 days.

Animals↗