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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Clinical trial of live measles vaccine given alone and live vaccine preceded by killed vaccine. Fourth report to the medical research council by the measles sub-committee of the committee on development of vaccines and immunisation procedures.

Follow-up of 5000 children given a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) when aged 10 months to 2 years shows a high level of protection in comparison with an unvaccinated group. This protection has been maintained for 12 years. Measles in vaccinated children was less severe as well as less frequent throughout the period. There is no evidence from the follow-up so far that a further injection of vaccine is needed; this has been confirmed by measles haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody estimations in a sample of the children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison of the serological effects of classical cholera vaccine and of purified fraction vaccine, with or without simultaneous yellow fever vaccine (author's transl)].

In order to test whether simultaneously administered cholera vaccine has a depressive effect on yellow fever vaccine, a controlled trial was undertaken on school-age children in the South-Central Province of Cameroun. In addition to this principle objective, the study also permitted a comparison of the serological response in subjects vaccinated with classical cholera vaccine and in those vaccinated with a purified fraction vaccine, either with or without simultaneous yellow fever vaccine. The evaluation was measured by changes in vibriocidal antibodies and cholera agglutinins 30 days after vaccination. Only subjects without cholera antibodies prior to the study, were included. 1) Results obtained by assay of vibriocidal antibodies. It was confirmed that, no matter which cholera vaccine was used, the simultaneous administration of yellow fever vaccine had no influence on the percentage of subjects showing a significant rise in vibriocidal antibodies (4-fold increase in titre) following vaccination. In addition, in this study the purified fraction vaccine resulted in a significantly higher rate of seroconversion than did the classical vaccine. However, in comparison to other studies using classical cholera vaccine, our figures for seroconversion after purified fraction vaccine show very little, if any, differences. 2) Results obtained by assay of agglutinating antibodies. When measured by this method, there was a high frequency of non-reactors to the vaccines. This may be attributed to the date of the post vaccination blood speciment (30th day after vaccination). It has been shown that agglutinins decay rapidly after the 15th day following clinical cholera. Thus, the late date of the second speciment after vaccination could explain why we were unable to show any difference in the level of agglutinin after either classical or purified cholera vaccination. The simultaneous administration of the yellow fever vaccine did not influence the titre of agglutinins induced by the classic cholera vaccine. On the other hand, using the association, the seroconversion rate as observed on the 30th day post vaccination was significantly higher than that observed when the fraction was administered alone. If one accepts the generally admitted specificity of the agglutination reaction after clinical disease, two hypotheses can be considered: a) the yellow fever vaccine has an adjuvant effect for the production of antibodies induced by the purified fraction vaccine, or b) the addition of yellow fever vaccine has a retarding effect on the elimination of the agglutinins which, in the natural disease, are rapidly eliminated. Further studies to verify these hypothesis should be undertaken.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. I. Clinical and serologic response to primary vaccination.

A comparative study of two smallpox vaccines, standard calf lymph vaccine, and an attenuated vaccine, CVI-78, was performed in 95 children. Primary vaccination with CVI-78 resulted in a more attenuated response than primary vaccination with standard vaccine. Sixty-one percent of those vaccinated with CVI-78 and 96 percent of those vaccinated with standard vaccine developed a major dermal reaction; 16 percent of those vaccinated with CVI-78 and 89 percent of those vaccinated with standard vaccine developed post-vaccination neutralizing antibodies. Twenty-seven percent of the children vaccinated with CVI-78 demonstrated neither a dermal nor serologic postvaccination response, whereas only 2 percent of those vaccinated with standard vaccination demonstrated no postvaccination response.

Allantois↗
PubMed1978

A/New Jersey/76 influenza vaccine trial in seronegative schoolchildren: comparison of a subunit vaccine with a whole-virus vaccine.

In the present vaccination trial, 202 seronegative schoolchildren comprising both sexes and aged 11 to 12 years were vaccinated i.m. in the upper arm with either the subunit vaccine at a dosage of 600 CCA or 200 CCA or with a whole-virus vaccine at a dosage of 200 CCA, using the double-blind procedure. Both vaccines were prepared from the strain A/New Jersey/76 (x 53a-recombinant). The vaccination was followed four weeks later by a booster injection. In tests of local and systemic reactogenicity, it was found that at both dosages the subunit vaccine caused a low frequency of minor adverse reactions. The whole-virus vaccine was marked by a significantly higher rate of adverse reactions, whether of the local or systemic variety. The whole-virus vaccine had, however, a higher immunogenicity than the subunit vaccine, and due to the relatively high rate of adverse reactions it causes, it is not recommended for the vaccination of seronegative children. Because of its low reactogenicity, the subunit vaccine can be given at higher dosage, and it is a matter for consideration whether a better antibody response might not result from two booster injections.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1975

[Measles vaccination with split vaccines and living vaccines (author's transl)].

Two vaccination groups were observed over four years. One group received multiple preliminary vaccinations with measles split vaccine and were subsequently immunised with measles live vaccine. The second group received live vaccine only. The protection from the live vaccine, with and without the preliminary vaccination, must be considered very good, while the protection of a preliminary vaccination with split vaccine is only sufficiently effective for 1 1/2 to 2 years. All children-whether pre-vaccinated with split vaccine or not-should be protected against measles with live vaccine from the second year of life.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. II. Clinical and serologic observations of response to revaccination with calf lymph vaccine.

Revaccination with standard calf lymph vaccine was performed on 26 children who had received a primary vaccination with an attenuated smallpox vaccine, CVI-78, and 22 children who had received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph. Revaccination resulted in a vesicular reaction in 96 percent of those who had been vaccinated previously with CVI-78 and 73 percent of those vaccinated previously with standard calf lymph. All children had a positive hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer either after primary vaccination or revaccination. Only 65 percent of those initially vaccinated with CVI-78 vaccine had positive neutralizing antibodies after revaccination. All children who received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph had postrevaccination neutralizing antibodies. The children who had neither a dermal nor a serologic response after primary vaccination responded as primary vaccinees on challenge with standard calf lymph.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Vaccination of chickens against Marek's disease with the turkey herpesvirus vaccine using a pneumatic vaccinator.

A pneumatic vaccinator has been successfully used to administer cell-associated turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine without a loss in titer due to the pressure required to administer the vaccine. Laboratory studies have also shown that chickens vaccinated with graded doses of the HVT vaccine using doses as low as 41 PFU offered protection against Marek's disease (MD) when compared to the unvaccinated controls. The pneumatic vaccinator has also been successful in administering a combination of HVT vaccine and tissue culture fowl pox vaccine. Vaccinated birds were protected against challenge with virulent MD virus as well as fowl pox virus. Antibiotics such as spectinomycin pentahydrate or lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate were used in combination with the HVT and fowl pox vaccine and none of the antibiotics appear to have an adverse effect on the efficacy of either vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Measles vaccine efficacy: influence of age at vaccination vs. duration of time since vaccination.

To evaluate the recent decision of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice to increase the recommended age for initial measles vaccination from 12 to 15 months, we carried out a case control study of vaccine failure in a recent measles epidemic. Compared to children vaccinated at ages 15 months or older, we found an increased risk of vaccine failure among those vaccinated at 12 to 14 months (relative risk = 19.2, 95% confidence interval = 4.6 to 80.1). In order to sort out the influence of age at vaccination from elapsed time since vaccination, we subjected the data to discriminant analysis. Age at vaccination subsumed all of the effect of duration of time since vaccination. Thus, we find no evidence of waning immunity over time.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Measles vaccination. VIII. The occurrence of antibodies against virus envelope components after immunization with inactivated vaccine. Effects of revaccination with live measles vaccine.

Children immunized with 4 doses of formalin-inactivated vaccine and/or purified hemagglutinin prepared from Tween 80-ether (TE) treated material were subjected to a follow-up 8-9 years after the last dose of vaccine. 11 out of 27 children had clinical and/or serological signs of infections with wild measles virus during the 8 to 9 years post-booster period. 10 out of the 11 children with infections had non-hemagglutinating-inhibiting (HI) hemolysis-inhibiting (HLI) antibodies demonstrable in their sera after removal of HI antibodies by absorption with TE antigen. In contrast 13 out of 16 vaccinees without detectable signs of infection lacked non-HI HLI antibodies. 10 out of these 13 children were vaccinated with further attenuated live measles virus. There were no clinical reactions to faccination. 4 vaccinees with low pre-vaccination HI antibody titers showed significant rises of antibody titers including non-HI HLI antibodies. In the remaining children no take of the live vaccine could be demonstrated. Thus HI antibodies of a certain minimal concentration can block the replication of vaccine virus even in the absence of non-HI HLI antibodies. However, since it will be difficult to establish these conditions by sue of available inactivated vaccines it is recommended that future vaccine products should include both major virus envelope surface components, the hemagglutinin and the hemolysin.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1977

[Comparison of duck embryo vaccine and Hempt's vaccine for rabies vaccination (author's transl)].

For many years, Hempt's vaccine has been used in Germany for vaccination against rabies. In recent years the duck embryo vaccine has been gradually introduced in its place. From 1970 to 1975, 658 consultations were undertaken at the Hospital of the Tropical Institute at Hamburg because of the risk of rabies. 267 persons had to undergo vaccination, 159 of them being treated with Hempt's vaccine and 108 with duck embryo vaccine. Side effects of a more severe type were not seen in either group. Disadvantages of the duck embryo vaccine are that more individual inoculations are necessary, significantly more frequent and more persistent local and general vaccination reactions occur and that there is a delayed, possibly weaker formation of antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Results of preventive rabies vaccination with a concentrated vaccine of the PM/WI38-1503-3M rabies strain cultured on human diploid cells. Preparation of mixed antirabies-antitetanus hyperimmune immunoglobulin by plasmapheresis of blood taken from vaccinated veterinary students].

Many thousands of people in France and abroad have already benefited from preventive rabies vaccination by means of a vaccine obtained from culture on human diploid cells, perfected ten years ago by R. Lang, the Institut Mérieux and the Wistar Institute. In addition to being well tolerated, the serological efficacy of this vaccine is such that 100% of the vaccines observed had a seroconversion after only two injections at an interval of one month. However, a booster dose should be given 6 to 12 months after the first injection, and a further booster 3 to 5 years later or on request in case of known contamination. These boosters, combined with an anti-tetanus booster, induce such high antibody titers--between 10-100 and even 1000 I.U./ml--that it is easy to obtain substantial batches of combined anti-rabies and anti-tetanus immunoglobulin from a small number of volunteers. The complete efficacy of this new vaccine reduces the number of systematic post-vaccinal serologic controls and its innocuity is such that an extended preventive vaccination programme may be carried out, for instance in the case of children living in areas known to be dangerous.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Antibody responses to vaccination with WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated volunteers.

Intranasal vaccination with a single 0.5 ml dose of 10(7.0) EID 50 WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine elicited four-fold or greater increases in circulating homotypic haemagglutinating inhibiting (HAI) antibody in 60 (64.5%) of 93 volunteers, or in 58 (74.4%) of 78 volunteers with HAI antibody titres before vaccination of less than or equal to 1/20. In comparison, in a group of volunteers vaccinated 9 months previously re-vaccination elicited antibody responses in only 4 (6.9%) of 58 volunteers, or in 3 (14.3%) of 21 volunteers with antibody titres before vaccination of less than or equal to 1/20. Titres of vaccine-induced antibody and antibody resulting from earlier natural infection appeared to fall slowly and at equivalent rates over a 9 month period.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Vaccination of lambs against Taenia ovis infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated ewes and the duration of immunity from a single vaccination.

Fifty Merino-cross ewes were vaccinated approximately four weeks before parturition with antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of Taenia ovis larvae. A further 50 pregnant ewes were sham-vaccinated at the same time. When the first 20 lambs from each group of ewes were one to two weeks old they were placed, with the ewes, on an experimental paddock heavily contaminated with T ovis eggs. After six weeks the lambs were killed and their total carcase musculature and hearts examined for cysticerci. The results showed that the ewes vaccinated in late pregnancy had conferred a very high degree of transcolostral immunity upon their lambs against the T ovis challenge infection. Eighty T ovis-free Merino-cross weaner lambs, four months old, were divided into two groups of 40. One group was vaccinated with T ovis culture antigens and the other group was sham-vaccinated. At intervals of one, four, eight and 12 months after vaccination 10 lambs from each group were allowed to graze on the plot contaminated with T ovis eggs. After six weeks the lambs were killed and examined for cysticerci of T ovis. The results indicated that the single vaccination had stimulated a high level of immunity which persisted for at least 12 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Vaccination of calves against Taenia saginata infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated cows and vaccination of calves protected by maternal antibody.

Six-to-11-day-old calves which received colostrum from cows vaccinated with in vitro culture antigens of Taenia saginata during their last month of pregnancy showed a high level of resistance to a challenge infection with T saginata eggs. Although colostral antibody reduced the numbers of larvae which became established it did not promote destruction of those which had undergone development. Calves which had received colostrum from vaccinated dams were themselves vaccinated with culture antigen when they were eight to 10 weeks old. These calves showed strong immunity to a challenge infection of T saginata eggs administered four weeks after vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Immunity to Brucella in mice vaccinated with a fraction (F8) or a killed vaccine (H38) with or without adjuvant. Level and duration of immunity in relation to dose of vaccine, recall injection and age of mice.

Immunity to Brucella in the mouse, assessed by bacterial spleen counts 15 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of a standard challenge of B. abortus 544, has been studied with two vaccines, one experimental, composed of a fraction of the bacterial cell-wall (F8) extracted from B. abortus 99, the other of killed whole bacteria, B. melitensis 53 H38, taken as reference (H38). The level of primary immunity depended on the dose of vaccine, the presence of oil adjuvant and the age of the mouse. The presence of adjuvant enabled the immunization to F8 to continue beyond the first month, to reach its maximum around the fourth month, and to remain stable for at least 7 months. A booster injection 3 or 6 months after the primary vaccination reinforced existing immunity but did not increase it beyond a certain level. The effect of the recall injection was clearly demonstrated with low doses which gave a lower level of primary immunity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2026

Vaccine preferences and their role for vaccine confidence and uptake: a meta-ethnography.

Vaccine confidence and uptake are influenced by individuals' preferences regarding vaccine composition, quality, or administration pathways. However, literature synthesizing available qualitative insights into individuals' vaccine preferences remains limited. We therefore conducted a meta-ethnographic systematic review of the qualitative literature on vaccine preferences to identify opportunities for enhancing vaccine confidence and uptake. We implemented a comprehensive search strategy and screened 5,528 studies across seven research databases published between 2001 and 2023. We identified and synthesized 97 qualitative articles to delineate factors influencing consumers' vaccine preferences. Our findings revealed four primary domains shaping individuals' vaccine preferences: Product, Place, Price, and Promotion. First, individuals' preferences for vaccines often hinge on perceived quality and safety of the product itself, which can, for example, be associated with vaccine brand or origin, especially in the case of novel vaccines. Second, people prioritize convenience in terms of vaccination sites and delivery methods (wanting vaccinations offered at their doorstep or in local peripheral clinics); evidence regarding preferred groups to administer the vaccines was mixed. Third, the price of vaccines and the secondary costs associated with vaccination played a role in uptake considerations. Finally, both the sources of information (such as healthcare workers, community volunteers, and religious authorities) and the methods of promoting vaccine information (including face-to-face consultations during clinic visits and the distribution of leaflets or banners), emerged as crucial factors shaping decision-making processes. Overall findings highlight the importance of addressing multifaceted preferences to enhance vaccine confidence and uptake. By understanding individuals' vaccine preferences, strategic recommendations can be developed to optimize vaccination programs and ensure acceptability and utilization.

Humans↗