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PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is a core catalytic enzyme in plants for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, profoundly affecting plant growth, development, and adaptability to various environmental stresses. The walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important woody oil tree species, and its kernel is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Systematic identification of the walnut FAD gene family and analysis of its function are of great significance for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the walnut. Based on walnut whole-genome data, this study used homology alignment and hidden Markov model search methods to identify the JrFAD gene family members. Subsequently, a variety of bioinformatics tools were used to systematically analyze their structural characteristics, evolutionary expansion mechanism, expression regulation, and function. A total of 21 JrFAD gene family members were identified and classified into five subfamilies. The family genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. WGD/segmental duplication was the main expansion method, and the duplicated gene pairs experienced strong purification selection. The family gene promoter sequence is rich in regulatory elements that respond to light, plant hormones, and various stresses. The expression pattern analysis showed that JrFAD3.1 and JrFAD2.3 showed high expression specifically during the rapid accumulation of walnut kernel oil. This study clarified the composition and evolutionary characteristics of the FAD gene family in the walnut, which provides useful information for in-depth analyses of its functional mechanism in the regulation of lipid metabolism, and also identified potential candidate gene resources for the genetic improvement of walnut varieties with high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.

Juglans↗

PubMed2025

Integrated multi-omics analyses provide new insights into genomic variation landscape and regulatory network candidate genes associated with walnut endocarp.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia) is an economically important nut oil tree; the fruit has a hard endocarp/shell to protect seeds, thus playing a key role in its evolution, and the shell thickness is an important trait for walnut breeding. However, the genomic landscape and the gene regulatory networks associated with walnut shell development remain to be systematically elucidated. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of the walnut cultivar 'Xiangling' and construct a graphic structure pan-genome of eight Juglans species to reveal the genetic variations at the genome level. We re-sequence 285 accessions to characterize the genomic variation landscape. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we identified 19 loci associated with more than 268 loci that underwent selection during walnut domestication and improvement. Multi-omics analyses, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, DNA methylation, and spatial transcriptomics across eleven developmental stages, revealed several candidate genes related to secondary cell biosynthesis and lignin accumulation. This integrated multi-omics approach revealed several candidate genes associated with secondary cell biosynthesis and lignin accumulation, such as UGP, MYB308, MYB83, NAC043, NAC073, CCoAOMT1, CCoAOMT7, CHS2, CESA7, LAC7, COBL4, and IRX12. Overexpression of JrUGP and JrMYB308 in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed their roles in lignin biosynthesis and cell wall thickening. Consequently, our comprehensive multi-omics findings offer novel insights into walnut genetic variation and network regulation of endocarp development and shell thickness, which enable further genome-informed breeding strategies for walnut cultivar improvement.

Juglans↗

PubMed2025

Analysis of genetic differences underlying chilling stress tolerance using whole genome Re-Sequencing in walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is prized worldwide for both its nutritional value and economic importance, yet it remains vulnerable to cold stress, with significant differences in tolerance among varieties. This study combined physiological analyses with whole-genome resequencing (WGS) to evaluate the cold stress responses of two varieties, ‘Qingxiang’ and ‘Liaoning No.8’. Under chilling stress (0 °C), we measured electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzyme activity, applying both exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and the jasmonate inhibitor DIECA. Genomic variations were analyzed using WGS. Results showed that ‘Liaoning No.8’ exhibited superior cold tolerance. Application of MeJA reduced electrolyte leakage by 37% and MDA accumulation by 52% on average, whereas DIECA exacerbated stress-related damage. WGS achieved 16.24–16.26× coverage and identified 2.73–2.78 million SNPs, 378–382k InDels, 25–26k SVs, and 7.2–7.9k CNVs. Twenty genes containing sequence variants showed transcriptional responses under cold stress that were significantly correlated with mutation density (r = 0.62, P < 0.01). One gene, XM_018985465.2, which lacked SNPs in ‘Liaoning No.8’, was expressed 4.2 times more in this variety, suggesting cis-regulatory influence. These findings highlight the role of jasmonic acid signaling in enhancing cold tolerance in walnut and offer genomic insights into its underlying adaptive mechanisms.

Juglans↗

PubMed2026

Genomic Identification and Comparative Characterization of Chemosensory Genes in Two Walnut Pests.

Conogethes punctiferalis (generalist) and Atrijuglans aristata (specialist) are important pests of walnut fruits. Chemosensory genes play critical roles in host location and mating, making them promising candidates for pest management research. However, genome-wide identification of these gene families has not yet been performed for either species, and cross-species comparisons are often confounded by differences in annotation quality and methodology. Here, we employed a unified pipeline for genome annotation and gene family identification to systematically characterize the odorant receptor (OR), gustatory receptor (GR), odorant-binding protein (OBP), and chemosensory protein (CSP) genes of both species and further analyzed their physicochemical properties, chromosomal distribution, and phylogeny. Genome annotation identified 13,236 and 14,083 protein-coding genes in C. punctiferalis and A. aristata, respectively, with BUSCO completeness of 94.6% and 94.5%. We identified 121 candidate chemosensory genes in C. punctiferalis (46 ORs, 23 GRs, 32 OBPs, and 20 CSPs) and 137 in A. aristata (65 ORs, 26 GRs, 28 OBPs, and 18 CSPs). Notably, A. aristata possesses more OR genes (65) than C. punctiferalis (46). Both species possess a single conserved ORco, with three and four pheromone receptor (PR) genes in C. punctiferalis and A. aristata, respectively. Chemosensory genes were either dispersed or tandemly arrayed on chromosomes, with each family clustering into conserved functional branches. This study provides a reliable foundation for comparative chemosensory evolution studies and a catalog of candidate genes for future functional validation.

Atrijuglans aristata↗

PubMed1979

[Walnuts as food and medicine].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Food↗

PubMed1978

[An osseus tumor in the skull of a precolumbian indian from Peru (author's transl)].

A walnut-sized, stalked, osseus tumor in the region of the protuberantia occipitalis externa of the skull of a precolumbian indian from Peru is described. Radiological and histological examinations grouped this neoplasm with the fibro-osseus tumors. Cytologically, it is one of the rarely seen nearly compact forms of the large, mostly spongy osteomas of the skull roof.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2026

Genomic analysis of regulatory mechanisms governing EPS66A biosynthesis in Streptomyces changanensis HL-66.

Streptomyces changanensis HL-66 produces the α-(1,4)/(1,6)-glucan exopolysaccharide EPS66A, a potent plant immune elicitor with promising applications in plant protection. However, its low native fermentation yield limits large-scale application. To investigate the biosynthetic potential and regulatory mechanisms underlying EPS66A production, the whole genome of HL-66 was sequenced and analyzed. The HL-66 genome is 6.82 Mb in size, with a GC content of 74%, and encodes 6081 predicted functional genes. Among these, 1390 genes were annotated to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, 4187 were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and 143 were classified into Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) categories. antiSMASH analysis identified 22 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, including multiple polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters. Functional analyses revealed that the glycosyltransferase gene (GTy) and the global regulatory gene (bldD) are involved in EPS66A biosynthesis. bldD is involved in morphological development and EPS66A production, whereas GTy specifically regulates EPS66A production without affecting growth or development. In both in vivo and potted-plant experiments, EPS66A (200 μg/mL) significantly reduced the severity of tobacco mosaic virus, apple anthracnose leaf spot, walnut bacterial leaf spot, and jujube anthracnose, achieving control efficacies of 90.21%, 87.95%, 77.41%, and 68.55%, respectively, and outperforming a commercial chitosan oligosaccharide control. These findings provide new insights into the genetic architecture and regulatory mechanisms of EPS66A biosynthesis and support its development as a polysaccharide-based green pesticide.

Streptomyces↗

PubMed1977

Oral contraceptives and hypertension.

A variety of studies have noted that the use of oral contraceptives generally leads to mild increases in blood pressure which are usually reversible when the medication is discontinued. Representative data from the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study and the Royal College of General Practitioners Study concerning the magnitude of excess risk and relation to duration of use and pull content are shown. Preliminary data from women, aged 25-34 years, taking multiphasic health checkups in Oakland and San Francisco, suggest that black as well as white women are susceptible to this side effect of oral contraceptives. A method is given for estimating the proportion of hypertensives among a population of young women that is attributable to oral contraceptive use. Although the risk of pull-induced hypertension is small for the average user, oral contraceptives appear to be an important identifiable cause of hypertension in samples of women studied.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[A case of cerebral tuberculoma (author's transl)].

A 27-year-old woman was admitted to other hospital for acute pleuritis in May 1977. She suddenly had a focal epileptic seizure in the face with loss of consciousness on July 10, 1977. The same episodes of seizure occurred on Aug. 8, on Oct. 26, on Nov. 22, 1977. She was admitted to our hospital on Dec. 12, 1977. Neurological examinations showed no abnormality. Chest X-ray film showed bilateral severe thickening of the pleura. Plain skull films showed normal findings. Enhanced CT scanning showed a homogenous irregular contour of high density area surrounded by low density area in the right frontal region. The lateral ventricle was slightly shifted to the left side. 99mTc brain scan also detected a spherical abnormal uptake in this area. Right carotid angiography showed no abnormal vessels and increased vascularities. On Nov. 22, 1977, a craniotomy was made over the right fronto-temporal bone, and a walnut sized tumor in the frontal subcortex was totally removed successfully. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as brain tuberculoma. The antituberculous therapy (AB-PC, INAH, Rifampicin), high doses of gammabenin, and steroid were given. About four months later, she was in good health without neurologic deficits and returned to her work. The literature was reviewed, and the value of CT scan and RI scan in the diagnosis of cerebral tuberculoma was emphasized.

Adult↗