SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “wattle”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1990

[The genesis of permanent growth of the beak wattle of a wattle-type pigeon].

Variation in size of warts located on the beak of wattle-pigeons represents a dominant trait of this breed. Excessive growth to extraordinary size in two breeds (barbs and carriers), in addition to a large beak, can cause losses due to the inability of the parents to feed the offspring properly. In older birds, respiration is impeded and the field of vision is limited. This permanent growth in barbs and carriers could not be attributed neither to an infection with papovaviruses, nor to the overexpression of the retroviral c-src-protooncogen. This finding, in conjunction with the genetic analysis, underlines that this prominent trait is genetically determined.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Cross-reactivity between Acacia (wattle) and rye grass pollen allergens. Detection of allergens in Acacia (wattle) pollen.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), directed against components of Acacia (wattle) pollen, has been detected by radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) in the sera of some children and adults who develop allergic symptoms in the presence of flowering Acacia trees in Australia. All these subjects also had high levels of IgE directed against Lolium perenne (rye grass) pollen. Inhibition by RAST showed that most of the IgE molecules which bound to Acacia pollen components also bound to L. perenne pollen extracts, and to Glycoprotein 1, the major allergen of L. perenne pollen. In these assays, the allergens have been immobilized on polyvinyl chloride microtitre trays: the sensitivity of this approach is compared to that of commercial RAST kits.

Acacia↗

PubMed2026

Integrated Genome-Wide Association Studies and Selection Signature Analysis Reveal the Genetic Architecture of the Wattle Trait in Goats.

Wattles are finger-like appendages on the ventral neck of goats, serving as a distinctive morphological marker for breed identification that serves potential implications for production performance. However, their genetic basis remains incompletely characterized. Here, we integrated a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selection signature analysis to identify candidate genes and genomic regions associated with the wattle trait in goats. Using a linear mixed model, GWAS on 463 goats (23 wattled and 440 non-wattled) identified 385 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) at a 5% false discovery rate, yielding 346 candidate genes. The most significant association signal was observed on chromosome 10 (72.61-73.48 Mb), where the lead SNP (rs636481767) is located within a region containing GJD2, GREM1, and FMN1, showing strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.6) with surrounding loci. Subsequent selection signature analysis (23 wattled and 23 non-wattled) identified 83 genomic regions harboring 119 candidate genes. The strongest signals were detected at MFSD14B on chromosome 8 (FST = 0.154, log2π-ratio = 2.611) and PDLIM7 on chromosome 7 (FST = 0.144, log2π-ratio = 0.806). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that GWAS-associated genes were involved in glycosylation and immune responses, whereas selection-signature genes were enriched in DNA repair and the Hippo, Notch, and Wnt pathways. Furthermore, cross-species PheWAS revealed that human FMN1 is associated with dermatological, skeletal, and metabolic phenotypes, while porcine FMN1 is associated with backfat thickness and loin muscle depth. Overall, this study provides molecular markers of potential value for goat breeding and pinpoints key candidate genes for future functional validation of wattle development.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Induction of the delayed footpad and wattle reaction to killed Staphylococcus aureus in chickens.

Two experiments were conducted to induce the delayed footpad reaction (DFR) to killed Staphylococcus aureus antigen. In Experiment 1, tracheal, cloacal, and choanal swabs were collected from chickens prior to sensitization with S. aureus to determine the carrier status of S. aureus. The second experiment compared the DFR to the delayed wattle reaction (DWR). Chickens were subjected to single or multiple sensitizations in the neck with S. aureus antigen between 4 and 6 wk of age. One week later, birds were challenged with S. aureus either in the right footpad or wattle. The left footpad or wattle was injected with PBS. The thicknesses of the footpad or the wattle were measured up to 96 h postchallenge. The recoveries of S. aureus from the choanal slit and trachea were significantly higher than that of the cloaca (P < 0.001). Birds of Experiment 1 showed a significant DFR (P < 0.0001) following intradermal challenge with killed S. aureus that was sustained through 48 h postchallenge with no difference in the DFR between carrier and noncarrier birds. In Experiment 2, the thicknesses of the footpad and wattle were significantly increased following challenge with S. aureus (P < 0.0001), with the footpad showing a greater response than the wattle (P < 0.001). Three sensitizing dosages, as compared to two dosages, resulted in a less pronounced DFR and DWR (P < 0.02). These results indicate that the DFR can be used as a delayed reaction model in the study of staphylococcosis in poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Monoamines suppress the phytohemagglutinin wattle response in chickens.

The influence of the biogenic amines serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) on the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) wattle response was studied in three populations derived from line UNH 105 New Hampshire chickens. At 3 or 6 weeks of age, chicks were injected intravenously with either 5-HT, DA, NE, or a saline control. Thirty minutes after monoamine injection, 100 ug PHA-P was injected in the wattle and the thickness increase was calculated 24 hr later. Analysis of variance showed significant monoamine effects compared to controls but no difference in response among the three populations. 5-HT and NE each depressed significantly the wattle response in 3 and 6 week old chicks. DA reduced the response in both ages also but the significantly greater reduction in 6 than in 3 week old chicks indicated an age effect. These results suggest a regulatory role for monoamines in the PHA wattle response.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Major histocompatibility (B) complex-associated differences in the delayed wattle reaction to staphylococcal antigen.

The influence of the major histocompatibility (B) complex on the delayed wattle reaction (DWR) to Staphylococcus aureus was studied in 109 segregants (B2/B2, B2/B5, and B5/B5) of a fourth generation cross between inbred Regional Poultry Research Laboratory lines 6(1) and 15(1). Chickens were sensitized at 6 weeks of age with S. aureus antigen. One week later, DWR was evaluated by injecting the right wattle with S. aureus antigen. Thickness measurements were taken 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after injection. A quadratic equation model was used for each bird to calculate maximum wattle thickness, hour of maximum response, and rate of response development and decline. In males, the maximum wattle thickness in response to S. aureus antigen was significantly greater in B2/B5 heterozygotes (1.77 +/- .07 mm) than in either homozygote, B2/B2 (1.36 +/- .13 mm) or B5/B5 (1.39 +/- .08 mm). Heterozygous males reached maximum response sooner and recovered more quickly than homozygous males but these differences were not statistically significant. In females, response developed later than in males but no B complex effect was detected in either rate of development or maximum response.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Divergent selection for delayed-type wattle reaction of domestic fowls to BCG antigen.

1. Two-way selection for delayed-type hypersensitivity wattle reaction (DWR) competence to BCG antigen was carried out over 4 generations, using a flock of White Leghorn chickens. DWR was measured by intradermal injection of BCG into the wattle of chickens. 2. Selection for DWR was effective. The generation means of average selection differential, selection response and realized heritability were 1.15 mm, 0.77 mm and 0.70 respectively. Correlated responses were found in body weight, egg weight and hatchability. In all of these traits, the L line (selected for low wattle reaction) showed higher values than the H line (high reaction). 3. Specific trends in gene frequencies were observed at the major histocompatibility B and alkaline phosphatase Akp loci. 4. Significant line differences were found in graft-versus-host reaction competence and Marek's disease resistance. In both characters, the L line was higher than the H line. No line differences were found in phytohaemagglutinin response, phagocytic activity or immune responses.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Major histocompatibility (B) complex and sex effects on the phytohaemagglutinin wattle response.

The influence of the major histocompatibility (B) complex and sex on the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) wattle response was studied in 136 segregants (B2/B2, B2/B5 and B5/B5) of a fourth generation cross between inbred lines 6(1) and 15(1). At 6 weeks of age, chickens were injected with 100 micrograms purified PHA-P. Wattle thickness measurements were taken 4, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after injection. Analysis of variance showed that 4 h after injection, males had a significantly higher response than females but the sex-genotype interaction was also significant. Females had higher responses than males 24 and 48 h after injection as a consequence of more rapid development and earlier resolution of the reaction in males. B2/B2 chickens had significantly lower responses than B5/B5 chickens 72 and 96 h after injection, signifying a faster late resolution phase in the B2/B2 genotype. The developmental and early resolution phases of the PHA wattle response were influenced by sex while the late resolution phase was influenced by B genotype.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Lectin-induced giant cell formation in the chicken wattle.

The fusion of mononuclear cells has been observed in inflammatory reactions and in cell culture experiments. This report describes the in vivo fusion of macrophages and their cytological structures. Thick (1 micrometer) and thin sections of wattle were prepared 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr after a single subcutaneous-wattle injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P; .1 ml; 100 microgram) in saline. The injection of PHA-P induced withn 6 hr a blood borne mononuclear cell infiltration of the chicken's wattle. Giant cells (3 to 8 mononuclear cells) were found by 24 hr, reached a maximum number by 48 hr and declined perceptibly by 96 hr. After 48 hr the mononuclear cells possessed a well-developed Golgi apparatus, ergastroplasmic cisternae, and large amounts of glycogen-like granules which diminished by 96 hr. The influence of lectin on the glycogen content of macrophages is similar to published observatins on small lymphocytes and suggests a similar carbohydrate metabolism between these two cell types.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Delayed wattle reactions in Eimeria tenella infected chickens.

Wattle reactions to an Eimeria tenella antigen and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied in chickens infected with E. tenella. Two trials were conducted using a total of 224 chickens. Four days after infection with one dose of 10,000 sporulated oocysts, the increase in wattle thickness in response to E. tenella antigen was significantly greater than that of uninfected controls. This significant response persisted through day 10 post infection. Wattle response to PHA 3 days after infection were significantly greater than for uninfected controls. Significant differences in response to PHA were maintained throughout the experiment except on day 6. An increased response to PHA from days 7 to 13 post infection was attributed to the lower parasite burden at that time.

Animals↗

PubMed1965

The origins of tannins and flavonoids in black-wattle barks and heartwoods, and their associated "non-tannin" components.

1. The distributions of flavonoid, carbohydrate, amino acid and imino acid components in the leaves, twig bark, stem bark, root bark and heartwoods of the black-wattle tree were compared by paper chromatography after their isolation from specific portions of the tree. 2. Wattle leaves contain mainly myricitrin, (+)-gallocatechin, an unknown myricetin glycoside and leuco-delphinidin tannins, together with smaller amounts of (+)-catechin, quercitrin and other flavonol glycosides. These are prominent in the twig bark, but decline progressively with age in the stem bark and are absent from root bark. 3. The non-phenolic components of the mature stem bark were shown to be (+)-pinitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose, l(-)-pipecolic acid, trans-4-hydroxy-l(-)-pipecolic acid, alpha-alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, l(-)-proline, serine, a ;steroid' alcohol and a long-chain beta-diketone. 4. Wattle bark and heartwood ;tannins' consist of the analogues of closely related prototypes with common origins in the vascular tissues of the bark. Leaf ;tannins' are superimposed on the bark components mainly during the initial stages of bark growth. 5. Origins of the pipecolic acids and the transformations of carbohydrates in the sap- and heart-woods are discussed.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2005

Congenital cartilaginous rests of the neck (wattles).

BACKGROUND: Congenital cartilaginous rests of the neck (wattles) are very rare, probably branchiogenic malformations. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the clinical and histologic features and the therapy of wattles. METHODS: We report a 4-year-old patient with symmetric exophytic nodules of the neck that had been present since birth. RESULTS: The two lesions, 0.5 3 0.5 cm, were removed. The histopathologic examination confirmed ectopic cartilaginous tissue. CONCLUSION: Wattles must be excised, including their cartilaginous core, after having sonographically excluded fistulae or sinuses.

Cartilage Diseases↗

PubMed1985

The delayed and saline wattle reactions in broilers challenged with bovine serum albumin.

Bovine serum albumin was used to study the development of a wattle reaction in broiler-type chickens. A strong response developed in both nonsensitized and sensitized chickens and the frequency of such was shown to be dependent on the method used for the sensitization. A similar swelling developed in a proportion of the wattles injected with saline and this too seemed to be influenced by the sensitization method. Moreover, both types of responses were shown to be somewhat unstable during the first 24 hr postchallenge.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Glycosaminoglycans from the rooster comb and wattle.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from the rooster comb and wattle by digestion with papain and analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion. The results indicated that the concentration of GAG uronic acid is approximately two-fold greater (P less than .01) in the comb than in the wattle. In both tissues, hyaluronic acid was the major GAG, with a small proportion of dermatan sulfate.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Chemical composition of glycosaminoglycan fractions from the comb and wattle of single comb white Leghorn roosters.

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fractions were isolated from papain digests of comb and wattle tissues of 52-wk-old Single Comb White Leghorn roosters and the chemical composition of each fraction was examined. Total GAG concentrations were greater in the comb than in the wattle tissue with the ratio of hyaluronic acid to sulfated GAG being similar between the two tissues. L-iduronosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate was the predominant disaccharide unit in the sulfated GAG fraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Research note: the reactivity of anti-chondroitin sulfate antibody to comb and wattle galactosaminoglycans.

The current study was undertaken to examine the reactivity of anti-chondroitin sulfate monoclonal antibody, CS-56, to the comb and wattle galactosaminoglycans containing varying proportions of L-iduronic acid. Galactosaminoglycans were isolated from mature rooster comb and wattle tissues and were separated into four fractions (I, II, III, and IV), which were precipitable with 18, 25, 40, and 50% ethanol, respectively. Each fraction was examined using an ELISA technique. The results demonstrated presence of CS-56 epitope in galactosaminoglycans from both tissues. Most (> 99%) of the epitope were found in Fractions III and IV, which were galactosaminoglycans rich in D-glucuronic acid. Fractions I and II, which were dermatan sulfates rich in L-iduronic acid, showed little or very weak antigenicities.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Primary and secondary wattle swelling response to phytohemagglutinin as a measure of immunocompetence in chickens.

Wattle responses of 2-to-8-week-old chickens to phytohemagglutinins PHA-P and PHA-M were studied. Dilutions of PHA-M that did not induce wattle swelling after one injection did cause readily detectable swelling when injected a second time 1 week later. These responses were absent in birds subjected to thymectomy and gamma-irradiation at hatching and in birds treated with cyclosporin A during the week of sensitization, indicating that these responses are T-cell-dependent. Chickens bearing transplantable fibrosarcomas failed to show responses. It is suggested that reactivity to a second injection of PHA-M may be used as a measure of immunocompetence at the T-cell level in very young chickens.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Light microscopic histochemical and immunohistochemical localisation of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the rooster comb and wattle tissues.

Comb and wattle tissues, which consist of layers of epidermis, dermis and central connective tissue, are known to contain sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate-dermatan sulphate copolymers. Little is known about distribution of these CAGs in each tissue. The objective of this study was to localise sulphated GAGS in the comb and wattle tissues from mature roosters. Monoclonal antibodies 6D6, CS-56 and AH12 specific to dermatan sulphate proteoglycan (decorin), chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate, respectively, were used. In both tissues, 6D6 epitope was found to be more concentrated in the superficial layer of dermis and the central connective tissue than in the intermediate layer of dermis containing fibromucoid tissue. The staining pattern for 6D6 epitope was similar to that for collagen fibres. In contrast, CS-56 epitope was uniformly distributed in most parts of the dermis and the central connective tissue. The stratum germinativum in the epidermis was the major tissue showing positive staining with AH12, haematoxylin and safranin-O.

Animals↗