Biomedical subjects

A Kubík

Publications and source records attributed to A Kubík.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2007

Interactions between smoking and other exposures associated with lung cancer risk in women: diet and physical activity.

UNLABELLED: The objective of the study is to estimate the differences in the impact of diet and physical exercise on lung cancer risk in female nonsmokers vs. smokers, and reveal interactions, if any. In a hospital based case-control study, data collected by in-person interviews from 569 female lung cancer cases and 2120 controls were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression stratifying by appropriate factors. Protective effects were observed for intake of milk/dairy products (OR=0.57, 95%CI 0.35-0.94), vegetables (OR=0.60, 95%CI 0.40-0.91), apples (OR=0.69), wine (OR=0.77), and physical exercise (OR=0.59, 95%CI 0.42-0.83) among smokers only, while no similar effects were found among nonsmokers. In contrast, the intake of black tea was associated with a protective effect (OR=0.66, 95%CI 0.47-0.94) among nonsmokers only. Comparing the effects of dietary items and physical activity on lung cancer risk among nonsmokers versus smokers, statistically significant effect modifications were found for black tea (P 0.005), and milk/dairy products (P 0.047). Borderline effect modifications emerged for physical exercise (P 0.077). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate protective effects of some components of healthful diet and physical exercise among smokers, and of the intake of black tea among nonsmokers. The observed interactions of the impact of black tea, milk/dairy products and physical activity upon lung cancer risk in women at different levels of the smoking habit deserve further studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Lung cancer risk among nonsmoking women in relation to diet and physical activity.

To investigate the relationship between diet, physical activity, and the risk of lung cancer among female nonsmokers, and to compare it with female smokers in the same population, we conducted a case-control study. Data collected by personal interviews from 419 cases and 1593 controls were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. As expected, among 130 nonsmoking cases, adenocarcinoma was the predominant cell type (49.2%), followed by squamous cell (20.2%) and small cell cancers (10.5%). The corresponding figures for 289 smoking cases were 29.3%, 27.5%, and 28.2%, respectively. Excess lung cancer risk was associated with consumption of red meat among nonsmokers (OR=2.20, 95%CI 1.07--4.51). Protective effects were observed for vegetables (OR=0.61, 95%CI 0.39--0.96), apples (OR=0.67, 95%CI 0.48--0.95), milk/dairy products (OR=0.54, 95%CI 0.32--0.93), coffee (OR=0.56, 95%CI 0.34--0.91), and wine (OR=0.69, 95%CI 0.49--0.98) among smokers only, and for black tea (OR=0.67, 95%CI 0.46--0.99) among nonsmokers only. An inverse association with risk emerged for physical exercise (or sport, walking), among smokers only. Some items of diet and physical activity appear to be important factors contributing to variation in lung cancer risk among women in the Czech Republic, however, their effects in nonsmokers may differ from those in smokers.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Lung cancer incidence rates by histologic type: an example of trends in Eastern Europe--Slovakia 1978-95.

During the period 1978-1995 43206 cases of lung cancer--37967 in men and 5239 in women--were recorded in Slovakia. Among 26240 microscopically confirmed cases in men squamous cell carcinomas were the most frequent (57.1%) followed by small cell carcinomas (18.3%) and adenocarcinomas (11.7%). In women from 3190 microscopically confirmed cases squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas had nearly the same frequency (31.9% and 32.2%, respectively), followed by small cell carcinomas (16.1%). In men after a marked increase of overall lung cancer incidence and mortality the rates started to flatten and even decline from the early 1990s. The main histologic types peaked in the late 1980s and declined thereafter but showed increase of percentage change when the rates at the beginning and the end of the studied period were compared; the highest one was marked for adenocarcinomas. The corresponding rates in women were much lower, but their increase was more pronounced than in men. Adenocarcinomas showed almost twofold increase in women during the first time-period of the study but after peaking in 1984-1986 they stabilized, while squamous cell carcinomas continued to increase also in recent years. The analysis of incidence rates by age groups showed that the initial increase and subsequent decrease of all microscopically confirmed cases in men as well as their gradual increase in women was influenced mainly by the trends of squamous cell carcinomas in younger age groups in men and in all age groups in women. Absence of higher increase and proportion of adenocarcinomas in Slovakia in both sexes could probably be explained by delayed introduction of filter tipped and low tar cigarettes.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

Diet and the risk of lung cancer among women. A hospital-based case-control study.

Variation in diet has been suspected to be one of cofactors related to geographic variation in lung cancer risk, namely for women, or other population groups with a low exposure to cigarette smoking. The study has been designed to obtain more insight into possible associations between diet and lung cancer risk among women in a country with a Central European socioeconomic background. In a hospital-based case-control study personal interviews of 282 female lung cancer cases and 1120 female controls were done using a structured standard questionnaire. Cigarette smoking was the most important factor associated with excess risk for lung cancer among women. Significantly increased risk was found both among current smokers (OR = 9.22), and ex-smokers (OR = 7.11). Positive dose-response gradients (p < 0.001) were observed between lung cancer risk and the daily number of cigarettes, duration of smoking, and number of pack-years. For squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers combined, significant associations of lung cancer risk with the consumption of red meat and poultry (OR = 2.33, and OR = 8.67, respectively), and an inverse association with the consumption of vegetables (OR = 0.55) were found. No such variations in risk were observed for adenocarcinoma, including the bronchioalveolar cancer type. For all lung cancer types combined, coffee drinking showed a significant inverse association with lung cancer risk risk (OR = 0.66). While smoking is the major risk for lung cancer, diet may have a contributory role. Variations in the intake of some components of diet, namely red meat, poultry, vegetables, and coffee may contribute to understanding variations in the risk of lung cancer among Czech women.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1999

[Trends in lung cancer mortality in the Czech Republic 1950-1995 and predictions up to the year 2009].

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with considerable geographical variation. In the Czech Republic, the male population experienced the highest lung cancer mortality rates in the mid-80s, ranking with the top mortality rates in Europe. Since that time, notable changes in time trends, widely different for men and women, were observed. The objective of the work is to analyze the trends in lung cancer mortality in the Czech Republic over the last 45 years, to estimate the prediction of the trends for the next decade, and consider the results of some recent surveys informing on the smoking patterns of the Czech population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Standardized mortality from lung cancer in Czech men increased from 22.3/100,000 in 1950 to 79.8 in 1986, and decreased to 69.7 in 1995 (world standard). In the female population: 4.3/100,000 in 1950, 8.5 in 1986, and 11.6 in 1995, respectively. Using a log-linear Poisson regression model, a decrease to 68.0/100,000 for men, and an increase to 16.1 for women by the end of the next decade has been predicted. Some decreases in the age-specific lung cancer mortality rates were observed in young adult men, and, for the next decade, similar trends have been predicted for middle-aged men. In the female population, the trends have been rising in all age groups. There was an increase in the cigarette consumption in the Czech Republic from 1731 cigarettes per 1 inhabitant aged 15 years and older in 1953 to 2552 cigarettes in 1978, and a subsequent decrease to 2279 cigarettes in 1989. The prevalence of smoking in six Czech districts participating in the MONICA project (25) had a downward trend in men aged 25-64 years during the period 1985-1992, whereas no significant changes in smoking prevalence were observed for women. CONCLUSIONS: In the recent phase of the lung cancer epidemic in the Czech Republic, a turn for the better has been taken in men: a decreasing trend in standardized lung cancer mortality was observed since the late 1980s, and its continuation up to 2009 has been predicted (on the average, by -0.7% annually). Conversely, in the female population, further increases in lung cancer mortality can be expected for the next decade (by 3.1% annually). Consequently, a comprehensive control of smoking in women appears to be a priority in lung cancer prevention. Moreover, further studies in the role of potential cofactors affecting the incidence of lung cancer in women deserve attention.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Surgical treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. Long-term results in 496 surgical patients].

BACKGROUND: The operability of lung cancer and the period of survival after resection of the lungs in our country does not yet attain the standard recorded in some advanced countries. The objective of the present work is to analyze factors which influence the survival period after resection therapy of lung cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 1985-90 in our department 496 patients were operated on account of lung cancer. This number comprised 31 patients subjected to explorative thoracototomy and three patients with pulmonary resection on account of a stage IIIb (pTNM) tumour who were excluded from the statistical analysis. The retrospective study proper analyzes the results of 462 patients (403 men and 59 women) operated in stages I, II and IIIa. Their mean age was 57 years (range 30-74 years, SD 7.5 years). The most frequent histological type was epidermoid carcinoma (68.8%), adenocarcinoma 18.2%, small-cell tumours 5.4% (25 patients). In 262 patients operated on account of lung cancer in stage I (pTNM) the probability of five-year survival was 49.2%, in patients in stage II 42.1%, in 158 patients in stage IIIa 20.9% (for all histological types combined). In 437 patients after resection of the lungs on account of non-small-cellular carcinoma the probability of five-year survival was as follows: stage I 50.0%, stage II 45.0%, stage IIIa 21.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of five-year survival for the whole group of 462 patients in stages I, II and IIIa was 38.8%. The most important factor which influenced the probability of five-year survival was the stage of the disease. Neither age nor sex of the patients nor the histological type of the tumour had a statistically significant effect on the probability of five-year survival.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Trends in cigarette sales and lung cancer mortality in four central European countries.

Remarkable increases in lung cancer risk have recently been observed in the Central European (CE) area. This study examines the patterns of lung cancer mortality rates and cigarette sales in 1965-1989 in four CE countries with a total population of 64.2 million and 31,000 deaths from lung cancer in the last year under study. The patterns of increases in cigarette sales during the 1960s and 1970s were different by country, and, in the 1980s, the consumption in Hungary and Poland exceeded 3,000 pieces of cigarettes/year per adult (age 15 years and older). Among men, the lung cancer death rates in 1989 for the Czech Republic (75.8/100,000, age-adjusted to the world standard), Hungary (74.0), Poland (69.4) and Slovakia 68.7) ranked among the highest in Europe, the trends by country largely reflecting the varied prevalence and duration of smoking in previous decades. The age-adjusted lung cancer death rates for females of the same countries (9.3, 14.4, 9.4, and 6.8/100,000, respectively) were still much lower than in the most afflicted Western countries (Scotland, USA, Canada, England, Denmark), however, rapidly increasing. In more recent birth cohorts, there was some decline in lung cancer mortality rates among men, but not among women; these trends in young adult life are known to spread to older age groups in future years, and, therefore, have been suggested to predict future changes in older age groups. Hence, an increasing trend in lung cancer mortality can be predicted for the female population of the four countries under study which will continue probably well beyond the turn of the century. In most of these countries, the current increasing trend in men can be expected to reach a plateau (and later a decline) sooner than in women. This outlook underlines the urgent need for comprehensive lung cancer prevention with control of smoking in women as a priority.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Prediction of lung cancer mortality in four Central European countries, 1990-2009.

During the post-war decades the cancer mortality in Europe has undergone deep changes. In the 1980s, remarkable increases in lung cancer mortality in the Central and Eastern European area resulted in rates equaling or exceeding those in most Western countries. In the present work, the future development of the lung cancer epidemic has been assessed in four Central European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia) for the period 1900-2009, taking into consideration previously observed lung cancer mortality trends (1960-1989), in the same countries. The estimation of the predicted mortality trends was based on log-linear Poisson regression age/period/cohort model, using GLIM for calculation. In the twenty-year period from 1985-1989 to 2005-2009, the age-adjusted (world standard) lung cancer mortality rates for men are predicted to increase in Hungary and Slovakia, and show little change in Austria and the Czech Republic. For women, approximately exponential increases in lung cancer mortality rates (both adjusted all-age, and age-specific at young adult ages up to 44 years) can be expected, with highest rates in Hungary, intermediate in the Czech Republic and Austria, and lowest in Slovakia. Lung cancer mortality in women is still much smaller than in men, however, rapidly increasing, with less variation in trends between countries than in men. The current and predicted high and/or increasing lung cancer mortality rates in the countries under study, presumed to be associated with elevated exposure to respiratory carcinogens, mainly cigarette smoke, in previous decades, underlines that the control of smoking continues to be a priority among approaches to cancer prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Results of resection of a stage IIIA/N2 non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma].

The authors analysed a group of 80 patients who were operated in 1985-1990 on account of non-small cell carcinoma of the lungs in stage IIIA with affection of the ipsilateral mediastinal nodes. The patients were not treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and systematic dissection of the mediastinal nodes was not performed. The results of five-year survival in the group of patients with affection of the mediastinal nodes (N2) were compared with those in the group of patients without affection of the mediastinal and hilar nodes (NO). Patients with affected N2 nodes who survived five years were significantly fewer than patients with negative mediastinal and hilar nodes. The probability of five-year survival in N2 was 15.8%, in patients with NO 28.0%. From data in the literature it is known that neoadjuvant chemotherapy and subsequent complete resection of the lung with the tumour combined with dissection of the mediastinal nodes may improve long-term survival after surgery. The authors assume that introduction of the described methods in their department will improve postoperative results.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[The revised European Code Against Malignant Tumors].

The European Code Against Cancer is a set of ten recommendations which, if followed, can be the best measure that an individual can take to avoid developing and dying from cancer. Primary and secondary prevention are considered as an important part of cancer control if their use is rational, based on scientific evidence. Six recommendations have to do with primary prevention (smoking, alcohol, diet, overweight, sun exposure, industrial carcinogens), two with secondary prevention, preferably consisting in organized screening programmes (uterine cervix, breast), and two with early diagnosis based on initial symptoms. Considering that smoking is the most important single cause of cancer in Europe tobacco control should be a priority. It is never too late to stop smoking: stopping even in middle age, prior to the onset of tobacco related illness, has a beneficial effect on life expectancy. If the entire population of Europe were to follow these guidelines a minimum of 40% reduction in cancer incidence and an even greater decrease in mortality could be achieved. The revised recommendations are the result of an agreement following 6-year experience of initially practising the original rules, comments and views of cancer experts throughout Europe; they were approved by the European Community Cancer Experts at their meeting in Bonn on 28-29 November 1994. Comprehension and implementation of these principles is of importance both for medical professionals and the general population of all European countries, in particular for members and candidates of the European Union, including the Czech Republic.

Europe↗

PubMed1995

Cancer, cardiovascular mortality, and diet in Italy and the Czech Republic.

A descriptive study aimed at comparing mortality and dietary patterns in Italy and the Czech Republic was conducted in the period 1970-1990. Mortality from all causes, all cancers, selected site specific cancers and cardiovascular diseases were found to be generally higher in the Czech Republic than in Italy. The North-South gradients observed within Italy have diminished in the course of the last twenty years, mostly due to a less contained decrease of the mortality from cardiovascular diseases and to a marked increase in cancer mortality for Southern regions compared to Central and Northern regions. The mediterranean diet with many health promoting, possibly protective components, mostly of vegetable origin, is consumed in most parts of Italy, particularly in the South. In contrast, a Central European diet abounding in animal products and lacking in fresh fruit and vegetables is generally followed in the Czech Republic. These differences in diet may play a role in the origin of the observed differences in mortality patterns. Some factors other than diet, such as smoking habits, alcohol consumption, endogenous factors, and occupation, that are not considered here, are known to be involved in the causation of some types of cancer. The results of this study are compatible with the hypothesis of a relevant role played by dietary and other life-style habits in the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic and cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1994

Statistical modelling and prediction of lung cancer mortality in the Czech and Slovak Republics, 1960-1999.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyse the pattern of lung cancer mortality from 1960 to 1989 and to predict lung cancer mortality for 1990-1999 for males and females aged > or = 30 years in the Czech and Slovak Republics. METHOD: The mortality pattern of lung cancer was examined and predicted using republic-age-period-cohort models. RESULTS: Trends in lung cancer mortality were upward for both sexes over the study period. In the early 1960s, lung cancer mortality in Slovak males was much lower than that in Czech males, but since the late 1960s lung cancer mortality in males increased more rapidly in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. It was predicted that mortality due to lung cancer in Slovak males would exceed that in Czech males during the last 5 years of the 20th century. Slovak female lung cancer mortality was lower than that for Czech females throughout the study period, and the trends in both republics were similar.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[The Bayesian statistical theory in the diagnosis of malignant and non-malignant diseases of the lung, pleura and mediastinum].

The Bayesian algorithm was used to assess the probable diagnosis in 1262 patients with a recently diagnosed finding on X-rays of the chest and the results were compared with the final diagnosis. The patients were with regard to the X-ray picture divided into 9 groups: hilar, solitary, multiple, segmental, non-segmental, cavity, diffuse, pleural and mediastinal lesions. Using the Bayesian algorithm, commonly accessible factors were processed: age, sex, case-history, cigarette smoking, red cell sedimentation rate, number of leucocytes and diameter of solitary parenchymatous lesions and the impact of these factors for assessment of probability of a malignant or non-malignant lesion was evaluated. The reliability in different X-ray lesions was within the range of 84.2% to 92.4%. The authors evaluated also tests of sensitivity, specificity, the reliability of forecast of a positive and negative result, which confirmed the differences in the different groups which showed evaluated. Analysis of the results, provided evidence that the Bayesian algorithm is a promising objective method for the forecast of a malignant or non-malignant diagnosis in patients with a newly diagnosed X-ray finding of the chest.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Smoking and the development of lung cancer].

It is generally accepted that cigarette smoking is the most important lung cancer risk factor to which 80-90% of lung cancer mortality in advanced countries with a high tobacco consumption is ascribed. In the Czech Republic the increase of tobacco consumption since the end of the Second World War was arrested at the end of the sixties. Since the beginning of the seventies the cigarette consumption did not change substantially and varied close to 2500 cigarettes per inhabitant above 15 years. No reliable data are so far available in the Czech Republic on the development of the prevalence of smoking in different age groups of the population. According to several non-representative surveys in different districts it may be assumed that in men aged 25-64 years in the course of the last 20 years the ratio of male smokers declined probably, while it increased in female smokers. Due to the long "latency" between exposure to noxious substances and the manifestation of lung cancer which amounts to two, three or more decades, we have to evaluate the present mortality rate from lung cancer as a reflection of carcinogenic factors (above all cigarette smoking) in the more remote past. When evaluating the trend of mortality from lung cancer in the Czech Republic during 1953-1989, throughout that period the values were much higher in men that in women and the trend in the two sexes was quite different. In men the mortality rate from lung cancer increased in 1953-1967 to three times the initial value, while in women the levels remained low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Regional and national variation in lung cancer mortality in Italy and Czechoslovakia.

In developed countries lung cancer mortality has been shown to be related to lifestyle, occupational and environmental aspects, diet, and other factors which may vary widely from one region to another. To investigate inter-area differences in lung cancer mortality and cigarette smoking a descriptive study has been carried out in three areas of Italy and two republics of Czechoslovakia. The highest death rates from lung cancer were found in the Czech Republic and Northern Italy, for both sexes. Analysis of age-specific rates by birth cohort, comparing all five areas, showed the greatest differences in trends between Slovakia and Northern Italy in men, and between the Czech Republic and Southern Italy in women. The lowest rates were observed in Southern Italy throughout the period under study, particularly among women. Making allowance for the latency period between the onset of exposure and the development of the disease, data on the occurrence of lung cancer could be interpreted looking at previous smoking habits. An imperfect overlap between the trend of cigarette smoking and the corresponding lung cancer mortality pattern was present in Northern and Southern Italy, a finding suggesting that even non-smoking-related factors could have played a significant role in lung cancer aetiology.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Lung cancer and smoking in Finland and the Czech Republic. Recent trends and predictions.

Trends of mortality from lung cancer in 1953-1989, age-specific lung cancer death rates of five-year birth cohorts, and the cigarette consumption were compared in Finland and the Czech Republic. While the lung cancer mortality and the smoking habits were fairly similar in Finland and the Czech Republic in the 1950s and early 1960s, contrasting differences gradually developed over the subsequent three decades in favor of Finland. In the year 1989, the Czech lung cancer death rates were much higher than the Finnish rates: in males 75.8 vs. 48.1 per 100,000; in females 9.3 vs. 6.6 per 100,000 (adjusted to the world standard population). Results obtained by descriptive epidemiologic methods support the opinion that a major part of the positive changes in the lung cancer epidemic in Finland can be explained as a consequence of the comprehensive smoking control program introduced in this country, including a significant decline in tar yield of cigarettes. In view of a long latency period between exposure and the development of disease, a continuing upward trend in lung cancer mortality is to be expected in the Czech Republic, particularly in females, resulting in an increase in the gap between Czech and Finnish lung cancer mortality. To achieve in future a falling trend in lung cancer rates even in the Czech Republic, amendments in the smoking control system according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization and International Union against Cancer are of importance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Adverse trends in the development of mortality in lung cancer in the Czech Republic].

The mortality from malignant tumours of the respiratory system in men in the Czech Republik increased steeply during 1950-1967 from the initial value of 22.3 per 100,000 men to more than triple, while in women the values persisted during this period with minor accidental deviations at a level of cca 5.7 per 100,000 women (with standardization for the world population). During the subsequent 20-year period there was a rising trend in both sexes; in 1987 the value for men was 77.4 per 100,000, for women 9.1 per 100,000. The age-specific mortality from malignant tumours of the respiratory system had in none of the evaluated age groups of men and women a declining trend, while in the USA and in Great Britain in younger men and in the group of youngest women a decline is recorded. The cigarette consumption in the Czech Republic after the Second World War increased steeply to the end of the sixties; in 1971-1987 it did not rise further and varied mostly within the range of 19 and 20 billion cigarettes per year, i. e. 2500 cigarettes per inhabitant above 15 years of age, regardless whether he smoked or not. To change the hitherto adverse development of mortality from malignant tumours of the respiratory system it is essential to reduce in the first place the intoxication of the population with carcinogens of tobacco smoke, by influencing smoking habits and by reducing carcinogenic substances in cigarettes and by some modifications of the working and living environment, by provision of an optimal content of probably protective substances in foods and some other measures.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Bronchogenic carcinoma in women].

A total of 440 women with morphologically tested primary bronchogenic carcinoma were hospitalized in 1961-1987. The patients' average age was 57 years, 22% persons were under 50 years. In 32% women carcinoma was found accidentally in the asymptomatic stage of the illness, 4% women had subjective complaints which they considered insignificant, however, subjective complaints in 64% patients helped to diagnose it. The most frequent complaints were temperature, breathlessness, chest pain and loss of weight. In 2% women, the first sign was hemoptysis found most frequently as an isolated symptom. The history of 9.5% patients showed pulmonary TB, in 27% women bronchogenic carcinoma was first regarded as pulmonary TB and treated with anti-tuberculotics. The family history of 32% patients showed malignant diseases, most frequently gastric carcinoma, while bronchogenic carcinoma was found in 5.7%, of family members. The group consisted of 46% smokers and 54% non-smokers. The women smokers had smoked for 29 years on average, had smoked 205 thousand cigarettes on average, the average daily amount was 20 cigarettes. Regardless of their smoking habits, the most frequent histological type was found to be adenocarcinoma in 47% cases, with the squamous-cell type prevailing in the smokers (37%), and adenocarcinoma in non-smokers (59%). 36% of the patients underwent surgery, the most frequent contraindication for surgery were generalization of the process and lymph node metastases. Lobectomy was the most common operation performed (62%). 5 patients died within the first post-operative month.

Adult↗