Biomedical subjects

A Lepri

Publications and source records attributed to A Lepri.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: A comparison of two methods of nerve localization-nerve stimulation versus paresthesia.

UNLABELLED: We conducted this prospective study to compare the onset time and the success rate of a multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block performed by using two methods of nerve localization: paresthesia elicitation or nerve stimulation. Each of the major nerves of the plexus was located by elicitation of a paresthesia (Group PAR; n = 50) or by nerve stimulation (Group PNS; n = 50) and injected with 10 mL of local anesthetic solution. Time to perform the block, onset time of the primary block, time to achieve readiness for surgery, and total anesthetic time were significantly shorter in Group PNS than in Group PAR. The incidence of complete block was larger in Group PNS than in Group PAR (91% vs 76%; P: < 0. 05), and this was related to a larger success rate for anesthetizing the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves (P: < 0.05). The frequency of venous puncture was larger in Group PAR (P: < 0.05). For multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block, we conclude that nerve stimulation resulted in a greater success rate and a faster onset than paresthesia elicitation, and it should be considered when the radial and musculocutaneous nerve distributions are involved in the surgical area. IMPLICATIONS: Two methods of nerve localization were compared when performing an axillary brachial plexus block by the multiple-injection technique. Nerve stimulation provided a faster onset and a greater incidence of complete block, related to a better success rate for anesthetizing the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves, than paresthesia elicitation.

Analgesia↗

PubMed2000

[Comparative study of the effects of morphine and tramadol in the treatment of postoperative pain].

BACKGROUND: To compare morphine and tramadol in the treatment of postoperative pain (POP), using a system of Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA). METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Randomised comparative study on 88 patients, undergoing general major surgical operations (gastrectomy, colectomy and hemicolectomy). PATIENTS: PCA i.v.: group M treated with morphine (at a dilution of 1 mg/ml) and group T with tramadol (at a dilution of 10 mg/ml). Loading dose: 0.05 mg/kg for the group treated with morphine and 0.5 mg/kg for the group treated with tramadol. Baseline infusion: 1.5 ml/h. Bolus on demand: 0.2 ml every 30 minutes. At T0, after 1 hour, 3 and 18 hours assessment of pain intensity, level of sedation, respiratory and cardiocirculatory parameters. After 18 hours assessment of the amount of drug administered, the number of boluses requested and given and any side effects. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: ANOVA test, Student "t", chi 2. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in POP was found after 1 hour, 3 and 18 hours with no significant differences between the two groups. No statistically significant differences in cardiocirculatory or respiratory parameters or level of sedation were found. Few side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Tramadol determines pain relief similar to morphine, with the advantage that it does not lead to abuse, tolerance or addiction.

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled↗

PubMed1999

Clonidine administered as an axillary block does not affect postoperative pain when given as the sole analgesic.

UNLABELLED: Used as the sole analgesic, clonidine produces analgesia after epidural, intrathecal, and intraarticular administration. We conducted this double-blinded study to determine whether clonidine has analgesic effects when administered into the brachial plexus sheath. At the conclusion of hand or forearm surgery, performed under axillary brachial plexus block, 45 patients were randomly divided into three groups of 15 each to receive, through an axillary catheter, 15 mL of saline (Group Saline), clonidine 150 microg in 15 mL of saline (Group Clonidine), or bupivacaine 15 mL (Group Bupivacaine). The analgesic effects of the three solutions were evaluated for 6 h. Times to onset of pain and to first analgesic request were longer, and the total dose of pain medication was smaller in Group Bupivacaine compared with the other groups. Visual analog scores were significantly lower in Group Bupivacaine. There was no significant difference in time to onset of pain, time to first analgesic request, total dose of pain medication, and visual analog scores between Group Saline and Group Clonidine at any time. We conclude that the administration of clonidine 150 microg into the brachial plexus sheath does not prolong the onset of postoperative pain. IMPLICATIONS: Used as the sole analgesic, clonidine produces analgesia after epidural, intrathecal, and intraarticular administration. It also prolongs the analgesic effect of brachial plexus block when mixed with local anesthetics. In this study, the administration of clonidine 150 microg alone into the brachial plexus sheath did not produce postoperative analgesia.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Orbital decompression in Grave's disease: comparison of techniques].

Grave's ophthalmopathy is an inflammatory, autoimmune disorder often associated with Grave's disease. The inflammatory infiltration involves the retrobulbar fatty tissue and the extrinsic eye muscles, causing proptosis, extraocular muscle dysfunction and often diplopia. Orbital decompression is an effective treatment in such cases, particularly when resistant to drugs and external radiation therapy. This work compares the results of orbital decompression performed by removing: a) the medial and lateral walls (Mourits technique) in 10 patients (19 orbits) and b) the medial and lower walls (Walsh-Ogura technique) in 17 patients (31 orbits). The results show that removing the floor of the orbit enables better reduction of proptosis but more easily leads to post-operative diplopia. Thus it proves necessary to combine the two techniques, modifying the surgical approach on a case-by-case basis.

Decompression, Surgical↗

PubMed1998

Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy.

BACKGROUND: The chief clinical characteristics of Graves' disease are hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy. The relation between the two and the effect of treatment for hyperthyroidism on ophthalmopathy are unclear. METHODS: We studied 443 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and slight or no ophthalmopathy who were randomly assigned to receive radioiodine, radioiodine followed by a 3-month course of prednisone, or methimazole for 18 months. The patients were evaluated for changes in the function and appearance of the thyroid and progression of ophthalmopathy at intervals of 1 to 2 months for 12 months. Hypothyroidism and persistent nyperthyroiaism were promptly corrected. RESULTS: Among the 150 patients treated with radioiodine, ophthalmopathy developed or worsened in 23 (15 percent) two to six months after treatment. The change was transient in 15 patients, but it persisted in 8 (5 percent), who subsequently required treatment for their eye disease. None of the 55 other patients in this group who had ophthalmopathy at base line had improvement in their eye disease. Among the 145 patients treated with radioiodine and prednisone, 50 (67 percent) of the 75 with ophthalmopathy at base line had improvement, and no patient had progression. The effects of radioiodine on thyroid function were similar in these two groups. Among the 148 patients treated with methimazole, 3 (2 percent) who had ophthalmopathy at base line improved, 4 (3 percent) had worsening of eye disease, and the remaining 141 had no change. CONCLUSIONS: Radioiodine therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism is followed by the appearance or worsening of ophthalmopathy more often than is therapy with methimazole. Worsening of ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy is often transient and can be prevented by the administration of prednisone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The heparan sulfate suleparoide inhibits rat corneal angiogenesis and in vitro neovascularization.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the heparan sulfate suleparoide on vascular cell growth in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Human HUV-EC-C endothelial cell proliferation and microvessel sprouting from cultured rat aortic rings were assayed by the bioreduction of 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. The inhibition of the neoforming capillary network in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo (CAM) was evaluated by agarose disks containing suleparoide and applied on the CAM surface. AgNO3/KNO3 injury was used to induce corneal neovascularization and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of topical suleparoide, while the involvement of bFGF in angiogenesis was evidenced by immunohistochemistry of corneal tissue. Quantitation of angiogenesis in the CAM and the cornea was accomplished by image analysis. Suleparoide dose-dependently inhibited HUV-EC-C cell proliferation (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 197.5+/-15.2 microg ml-1) and reduced microvessel sprouting in vitro (IC50, 351+/-22 microg ml-1). Likewise, suleparoide 150 microg in agarose disks produced an avascular area of 19.7+/-2.7% of the total area of the CAM (P<0.05 as compared to controls). bFGF levels were significantly enhanced in the cornea after AgNO3/KNO3 injury, and the increase appeared to be time-dependent (25.6+/-1.8 and 43.2+/-7.4%, vs. uninjured controls after 24 hr and 48 hr, respectively, P<0.05). Suleparoide 4.8 mg eye-1 day-1 for six days reduced the length of blood vessels and the area of the cornea infiltrated by them (59.6+/-7.4% decrease vs. controls, P<0.05). These results demonstrate that suleparoide is an active agent against angiogenesis and suggest that the therapeutic effect of the drug could be of value to treat corneal neovascularization.

Allantoin↗

PubMed1998

Standardized echography, pattern electroretinography and visual-evoked potential and automated perimetry in the early diagnosis of Graves' neuropathy.

Twenty-four patients (47 eyes) affected by Graves' disease were enrolled to evaluate the role of standardized echography, pattern electroretinogram (P-ERG), visual evoked potentials (P-VEPs) and automated perimetry in the early diagnosis of the compressive optic neuropathy (CON). The P-ERG amplitude reduction was the most sensitive parameter to demonstrate an early impairment of the optic nerve (ON) function. We found a significant negative correlation between the ON diameter and the P-ERG amplitude. VEPs responses were also altered, but their ability in detecting an early ON damage was less sensitive and specific than P-ERG. The visual field damage was often aspecific and delayed with respect to electrophysiological alterations.

Electroretinography↗

PubMed1997

Intravenous immunoglobulin versus corticosteroid in treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy.

We compared the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids with the use of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. This was performed as a prospective, nonrandomized study including a blinded ophthalmological and orbital computed tomographic (CT) evaluation. The two groups of patients were not significantly different in relation to sex composition, age distribution, duration of Graves' disease, and ophthalmopathy and previous hyperthyroidism. All patients were followed up by endocrinologic evaluation and blinded ophthalmological (before therapy = B, at the end of therapy = E, and 6 months after the end = 6M) and orbital CT (B and E) evaluations. Twenty-seven patients treated with IVIG were followed up after the end of treatment for an average of 21 months (range 12 to 48 months). Soft tissue involvement (NOSPECS) improved or disappeared in 32 of 35 (90%) patients treated with IVIG and in 25 of 27 (92.5%) patients treated with corticosteroids. Diplopia improved or disappeared in 22 of 29 (75%) patients treated with IVIG and in 16 of 20 (80%) patients treated with corticosteroids. The results observed by clinical evaluation were confirmed with orbital CT score in 30 IVIG patients and in the corticosteroid-treated patients; a significant reduction of extraocular muscle thickness was observed after treatment in both groups. Proptosis improved or disappeared in 20 of 31 (65%) patients treated with IVIG and in 15 of 24 (62%) patients treated with corticosteroids. Mean values of proptosis evaluated by Hertel's exophthalmometer showed a slight reduction both in IVIG as well as in corticosteroid-treated patients. It is interesting to observe that in 28 IVIG-treated patients in whom it was possible to evaluate soft tissue involvement, proptosis and diplopia in the period between the fifth and sixth month from the start of therapy, the most important part of the amelioration (if responders) was already obtained at that time. Responder patients were defined in relation to the decrease in the highest NOSPECS class or grade. Among IVIG-treated patients 26 of 34 (76%) responded; while in the corticosteroid group 18 of 27 (66%) responded to treatment. The prevalences of patients who responded to the treatments were not significantly different in the two groups (Chi-square). The initial values of the subjective eye score were similar in the two groups, and a significant reduction was observed in both. Major side effects requiring discontinuation of the corticosteroid therapy were observed in two patients with hemorrhagic gastritis and in one patient with manic-depressive psychosis. Among 15 patients submitted to the evaluation of bone mineral content before and after corti-costeroid therapy, 4 presented signs of osteoporosis and 3 a reduction of bone mineral content. Moderate and minor side effects were more frequently noted in steroid-treated patients than in the IVIG group. These data suggest that IVIG is safe and effective in reducing the eye changes in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1997

[Accident during retinal fluorescein angiography].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate adverse reactions frequency following fluorescein i.v. administration to perform retinoic angiography (ARF). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Eye Clinic of the University of Florence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 6524 patients undergoing 10,003 ARF. PARAMETERS EVALUATED: For each patient age, sex, concomitant diseases, previous ARF, allergic history and any adverse reaction were evaluated. RESULTS: Adverse experiences were described in 7.5% of 6524 patients. Most of the observed reactions were mild: nausea (3.8%), vomiting (0.43%), vasovagal phenomena (1.18%), anaphylactoid reactions (1.84%). A major rate of adverse reactions were observed in patients previously submitted to ARF who reported in the anamnesis a previous adverse reaction, and in those with a positive allergic history. Severe reactions occurred in 0.27% of patients, but only in 2 of 6524 patients a rianimatory treatment (0.03) was necessary. CONCLUSION: From the data retrospective analysis it was observed that the manifestation of mild adverse effects was to be expected in many cases. It was therefore possible to point out classes of patients at risk (patients who reported a previous adverse reaction after ARF and patients with positive allergic history). Unfortunately it was not possible to expect and so to prevent the severe effects. Thus it is recommended to perform ARF in an adequately equipped room.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

FK-506 delays corneal graft rejection in a model of corneal xenotransplantation.

FK-506 is a relatively new immunosuppressant similar in action to cyclosporine A, but is much more potent. Its primary action is against T lymphocytes, the major cellular component in corneal allograft rejection. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the ability of topical and systemic FK-506 in preventing corneal xenograft rejection in an experimental animal model. Cross-species xenotransplants were used as the most vigorous stimulus to induce corneal rejection. Corneas derived from Hartley guinea pigs were transplanted into the left eyes of 32 male Lewis rats. Topical treatment was administered by using FK-506 0.3 mg/ml in a cyclodextrin suspension or vehicle (cyclodextrin suspension) four times per day. For systemic treatment, 0.5 mg/kg/day of FK-506 or vehicle (saline) was administered intraperitoneally. Treatments were started 60 minutes after surgery and continued for 21 days. The grafts underwent a double-masked examination, and a score was given for clarity, edema, and vascularization. The animals were sacrificed 21 days after transplantation. The control groups had allograft rejection after 6.75 +/- 0.31 (topical vehicle) and after 7.37 +/- 0.32 (systemic vehicle) days. The FK-506-treated groups showed allograft rejection after 14 +/- 0.88 (topical FK-506) or after 16.25 +/- 1.23 (systemic FK-506) days. In addition, FK-506-treated rats manifested less corneal neovascularization than control animals. We conclude that systemic or topical FK-506 is effective in prolonging xenograft survival in the rat keratoplasty model.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1996

Effect of suleparoide on fibrinolysis in the anterior chamber of rabbits.

Intra-ocular fibrin deposition following ocular surgery is a serious postoperative complication. The current management of severe postoperative fibrin response is usually ineffective. A quantitative model of fibrin deposition in the rabbit anterior chamber was used to assess the efficacy of Suleparoide I.N.N. (HHS-5) in preventing fibrin formation and in promoting the clearance of fibrinous membranes. Citrated human plasma was injected intracamerally after paracentesis to induce the formation of fibrin clots: 10 min or 24 h after plasma injection, solutions of HHS-5 at different concentrations were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbits. Intra-ocular HHS-5 injection 10 min after plasma injection prevented the formation of fibrinous membranes in a dose-dependent fashion in almost all treated animals. When HHS-5 was injected at 24 h after fibrin clot formation, a reduction of clot areas was observed but the membranes did not completely disappear. No evidence of ocular toxicity was detected by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, intra-ocular pressure and corneal thickness measurements. On the basis of the results obtained with the present animal model, HHS-5 appears as an effective and safe agent for the prevention of fibrinous membrane formation. The data suggest a potential use of HHS-5 for the prophylaxis of fibrin formation in human eyes undergoing extensive intraocular surgery, or in diabetic patients where a hypercoagulable state may be present.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Trapidil inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane and in the rat cornea.

The effects of trapidil, a coronaro-active drug which has been shown to inhibit the mitogenic activity of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), have been investigated on the proliferation of the human endothelial cells (HUV-EC-C), on the neovascularization in the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo (CAM) as well as on the angiogenesis of rat cornea following chemical injury. The proliferation of HUV-EC-C in the presence of trapidil (25 and 250 micrograms/mL) was significantly inhibited by 19 and 25% respectively, compared to controls. On 2-days old CAMs, agarose disks containing 100-150 micrograms of trapidil produced an avascular zone indicating significant antiangiogenic activity, while control agarose disks were without effect. Corneal neovascularization was induced by applying a silver nitrate/potassium nitrate applicator to the rat eyes. A 6-day-treatment with eye drops of a solution of 10 mg/mL trapidil significantly decreased the rate of vessel growth compared with vehicle controls. The antiangiogenic activity of trapidil was markedly increased by the association with hydrocortisone (1.34 mg/mL). These results suggest that trapidil, alone or in combination with a steroid, could be a promising candidate for the therapy of corneal diseases in which alterations induced by neovascular growth play a substantial role.

Allantois↗

PubMed1994

Effect of low molecular weight heparan sulphate on angiogenesis in the rat cornea after chemical cauterization.

Vascularization of the cornea occurs in many pathological conditions and can result in loss of visual acuity. It is also thought that vascularization predisposes the cornea to reject grafts by facilitating the detection of foreign antigens in donor material. A rat corneal assay for angiogenesis was adopted in the present study to evaluate the possible angiostatic activity of a low molecular weight heparan sulphate (LMW-HS). Corneal lesions were induced by chemical cauterization at 2 mm from the corneoscleral limbus. Rats were randomized to receive two drops/eye four times daily, for 6 days, of a solution of LMW-HS in vehicle (2.5% carboxymethylcellulose), heparin, heparin plus hydrocortisone, or vehicle alone. After a 6 day-treatment period, the eyes were perfused with india ink and the degree of neovascularization was evaluated. In rats treated with vehicle alone a dense vascular network extending from the corneoscleral limbus to the cauterized site was observed; on the contrary, a markedly reduced vascular network was evidenced in animals treated with LMW-HS. The distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the cauterized cornea was also evaluated by using an immunohistochemical method. A marked bFGF immunoreactivity was demonstrated in corneal epithelium and stroma of control rats 12-48 hours after the cautery. These results lead to the assumption that LMW-HS could be used in ophthalmology to inhibit corneal neovascularization.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of virus-lymphomonocyte interactions.

The water protein spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) was measured in suspensions of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), uninfected or infected with type 1 herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus and rubella virus. In the infected samples, T1 enhancements, which linearly depend on virus concentration, were observed. This T1 increase can be related to the early changes induced by the virus adsorption of the cells, not always confirmed by virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in cocultures of infected PBMC and other sensitive cells. Compared with other conventional virological techniques, this NMR method seems to be rapid and sensitive. The NMR response was reproducible and specific, since neutralization of the viral infection by homologous antisera consistently matched the neutralization of the virus-induced NMR effects. These observations suggest that fast and sensitive 1H-NMR relaxation techniques can be implemented in virological diagnosis directly on pathological materials.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1992

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy.

We have evaluated the efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy, and have carried out a prospective randomized clinical trial, including a single-blind evaluation, whereby 14 patients were assigned to two different treatment groups: 7 patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and orbital radiotherapy (Group 1) and 7 patients were given intravenous immunoglobulin alone (Group 2). The results of the intravenous immunoglobulin treatment were also compared with those obtained in a Historical Control Group (12 patients) treated with systemic methylprednisolone and orbital irradiation. Degree of ocular involvement and response to treatment were assessed by ophthalmopathy index. The mean initial and final ophthalmopathy index showed no significant difference among the three groups. Comparison between the mean initial and final ophthalmopathy index showed a statistically significant reduction (p less than 0.005) in all three groups, the observed changes being confirmed by orbital computerized tomography in Groups 1 and 2. Corticosteroid treatment was associated with major and minor side effects, while no important adverse reactions were observed during intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Even considering our results as preliminary, we conclude that intravenous immunoglobulin treatment is effective and safe in improving Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1992

[The combined therapy of Basedow's ophthalmopathy with retrobulbar radiotherapy and i.v. immunoglobulins. The preliminary results].

The most frequently used medical treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy is the combination of orbital irradiation and systemic corticosteroid. In this study the effectiveness of "high dose intravenous immunoglobulin" (IVIG) in Graves' ophthalmopathy treatment is explored. 11 patients were treated with orbital radiotherapy combined with systemic corticosteroid (Group 1), while 10 patients were treated with the combination of orbital irradiation and IVIG (Group 2). The therapeutic effect was assessed by an ophthalmopathy index based on the American Thyroid Association, classification of ocular changes of Graves' ophthalmopathy. All signs and symptoms of endocrine ophthalmopathy improved significantly in both groups. The mean ophthalmopathy index decreased from 7.0 +/- 1.3 to 3.4 +/- 1.5 in Group 1, and from 7.0 +/- 1.8 to 3.0 +/- 2.1 in Group 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between Group 1 and 2 mean initial and final ophthalmopathy index, and a significant difference between initial and final ophthalmopathy index both in Group 1 and 2. While side effects were present in Group 1 treated with systemic corticosteroid, no side effect was observed in patients treated with IVIG. These preliminary results suggest that IVIG is safe and effective in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: results of a prospective randomized study.

We have carried out a prospective study to investigate whether orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids is more effective than orbital radiotherapy alone for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thirty consecutive patients with relevant and active Graves' ophthalmopathy were randomly assigned to treatment either with orbital radiotherapy combined with systemic glucocorticoids (Group 1, n = 15) or with orbital radiotherapy alone (Group 2, n = 15). The final evaluation was made 6-9 months after beginning treatment. Two patients in each group were lost to follow-up. Ocular involvement and response to treatment were evaluated by the ophthalmopathy index and by clinical assessment. Mean ophthalmopathy index values were 5.85 in Group 1 and 5.46 in Group 2 (p = NS) before treatment, and 2.46 in Group 1 and 3.61 in Group 2 after treatment (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.003 vs initial value, respectively). The mean ophthalmopathy index decrease in Group 1 (-3.39) was significantly greater (p = 0.043) than that in Group 2 (-1.85). Favorable responses on clinical ground occurred in 9 patients (69%) in Group 1 and in 5 patients (38%) in Group 2. The difference was particularly evident on soft tissue changes and extraocular muscle involvement. Severe eye muscle restriction was substantially unaffected by either treatment. In conclusion, the association of orbital irradiation and high dose systemic glucocorticoids in the treatment of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy provides more favorable responses than orbital radiotherapy alone.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[CT of the orbit in Graves' ophthalmopathy].

Fifty patients suffering from Graves' disease underwent CT examination of the orbit. The medical rectus width was measured, together with the degree of proptosis and the value of the preseptal area, in order to evaluate the volumetric increase in both the muscle and the fatty tissue. The three parameters were correlated with disorders of ocular motility and with optic neuropathy. The results indicate the presence of 3 classes of patients; a) with main or exclusive increase of muscular tissue; b) with main or exclusive increase of fatty tissue; c) with increase of both muscular and fatty tissues. Only in patients from class c) disorders of ocular motility and optic neuropathy were seen to occur.

Graves Disease↗