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Biomedical subjects

A Penttilä

Publications and source records attributed to A Penttilä.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in healthy volunteers.

Single doses of 14C-glipizide were given intravenously (1 mg/4.7 microCi) and orally (5 mg/8.0 microCi) to six healthy volunteers in a crossover study to investigate both pharmacokinetics and effects of glipizide. Based on recoveries of total 14C in urine the gastrointestinal absorption of glipizide was complete. The extent of first-pass metabolism averaged 4.8 +/- 0.04% (SE) of the dose. The pharmacokinetics of i.v. glipizide could be described by a two-compartment open model. The volume of the central compartment was 4.25 +/- 0.25 l and the steady-state volume of distribution averaged 11.7 +/- 1.1 l. Glipizide concentrations in red cells and saliva were only 4% and 1%, respectively, of the concentrations in plasma. The half-life of glipizide elimination averaged 3.3 h both after i.v. and p.o. administration. The total plasma clearance of glipizide was 42.2 +/- 5.4 ml/min, whereas that of protein unbound fraction was 1350 +/- 130 ml/min. Renal clearance was dependent on urinary pH, but on the average it contributed to the total clearance only by 5%. About 17% of the i.v. dose was found in the feces. Intravenous glipizide caused a rapid increase (peak at 6 min, about four-fold) in plasma insulin lasting for 30 min. Plasma glucagon showed an almost simultaneous decrease. These responses were followed by a more sustained decrease in plasma glucose. After oral administration of glipizide the maximal effects on plasma insulin and glucose were seen before the peak concentrations of glipizide in plasma.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Transamination and other metabolic pathways of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in rats when simultaneously administered with L-dopa.

In the rat, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (DHPPA) was shown to be transaminated to L-dopa when administered orally concomitantly with L-[3H]dopa. As much as 40% of the serum L-dopa and brain dopamine was shown to be formed via transamination. Moreover, it was shown that DHPPA also caused a so-called L-dopa-sparing effect, i.e. more administered L-dopa reached the circulation and consequently more dopamine reached its target than after administration of L-dopa alone. This effect might be due to an inhibition of the deamination of L-[3H]dopa, since in this case the equilibrium of the transamination reaction will be forced into the L-dopa-forming direction. After administration of [14C]DHPPA alone and together with L-dopa, no differences in the absorption and distribution of radioactivity were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered bumetanide in man.

Disposition of [14C]bumetanide administered intravenously to four healthy volunteers could be described by a triexponential equation. The mean half-lives associated with each exponent were 5.9 min, 46 min, and 3.1 hr, respectively. The largest fraction of dose was eliminated during the second phase; only 17% was eliminated during the last phase. The total plasma clearance averaged 228 ml/min, with renal clearance about one-half of this value. The recovery of unchanged bumetanide in urine over 2 days was 47% of the dose, while the total recovery of radioactivity in urine averaged 82% of dose. In plasma 93% of bumetanide was bound to proteins. Thus bumetanide is rapidly eliminated by both renal and nonrenal mechanisms. The elimination kinetics resembled those described for furosemide.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Acute lethal trauma of the trunk: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings.

The correctness of the clinical diagnoses of all victims who died of an acute lethal injury of the trunk at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital in 1975-1976 was investigated. A clinicopathologic comparison on the injuries as of the time of death and severity of the trauma complex resulted in the following main observations: About 80% of all lethal injuries, 70% of the associated severe lesions, and 80% of the other more minor injuries were correctly diagnosed by clinical means with an overall accuracy of 74.5%. When victims were dead on arrival, 50% of the injuries were diagnosed by plain physical examination. When the patient died within 24 hours, 80% of the injuries wre clinically diagnosed, and when the patient died between 1 and 7 days postinjury the rate was 90%. Injuries of the heart and great intrathoracic vessels, ruptures of the liver and spleen, as well as medullary contusions remained most often undiagnosed in patients who died within a few hours. Of all clinically diagnosed injuries, of which one was severe, 5.7% were nt noted at autopsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Mortality and autopsy rate from urogenital diseases in Finland in 1955-1973.

Mortality from various urogenital diseases including the malignant neoplasms of the genito-urinary system and the breast in Finland in 1955-1973 was studied. Only minor changes were found in the total death rate of all these diseases between 1955 and 1973. However, the age-specific death rates of the nephritis-nephrosis group decreased both among males and females. Also mortality from all other urogenital diseases than malignant neoplasms decreased among elderly and middle-aged people. Mortality from malignant neoplasms of the breast increased slightly among elderly women and that of the prostate among elderly men. The autopsy rate of the deaths due to all other urogenital diseases (33.5% in 1973) than malignant neoplasms (27.4%) was of the same order as that recorded for all natural deaths (33.2%) in Finland between 1963 and 1973. Many types of malignant urogenital neoplasms remained significantly under-autopsied. The highest autopsy rates of the single urogenital diseases were recorded for acute nephritis and unqualified nephritis; the respective national rates were 90 and 71%, in 1973. These rates exceeded highly significantly the mean national autopsy rate of all deaths which was 38.2%.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Pharmacokinetics of metformin after intravenous and oral administration to man.

The kinetics of 14C-metformin have been studied in five healthy subjects after oral and intravenous administration. The intravenous dose was distributed to a small central compartment of 9.9 +/- 1.61 (X +/- SE), from which its elimination could be described using three-compartment open model. The elimination half-life from plasma was 1.7 +/- 0.1 h. Urinary excretion data revealed a quantitatively minor terminal elimination phase with a half-life of 8.9 +/- 0.7 h. After the intravenous dose, metformin was completely excreted unchanged in urine with a renal clearance of 454 +/- 47 ml/min. Metformin was not bound to plasma proteins. The concentration of metformin in saliva was considerably lower than in plasma and declined more slowly. The bioavailability of metformin tablets averaged 50--60%. The rate of absorption was slower than that of elimination, which resulted in a plasma concentration profile of "flip-flop" type for oral metformin.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Mortality and autopsy rate for gastrointestinal diseases in Finland in 1955--1973.

Gastrointestinal diseases accounted for about 10% of all natural deaths in Finland in 1955--1973. Total mortality for these diseases decreased slightly amongst young and middle-aged people in 1955--1973. This was mainly because mortality for ulcerative diseases of the stomach and the small intestine decreased continuously in practically all are groups, and also because the death rates of men and women from malignant neoplasms of the stomach decreased slightly but linearly at all ages. The autopsy rates increased highly significantly in all major categories of deaths between 1963 and 1973. In 1973 the autopsy rate for diseases of the digestive system (the ninth ICD main group) was 67%. This rate exceeded highly significantly the mean autopsy rate recorded for all (38%) and all natural deaths (33%). The autopsy rate for gastrointestinal malignancies was 26%, which in turn was highly significantly lower than the average rate for all and all natural deaths. The highest single autopsy rates in 1973 were recorded for ulcer of the duodenum (87%), diseases of the pancreas (78%), cholelithiasis (77%), and chronic enteritis and ulcerative colitis (76%). The present results suggest that the mortality statistics of Finland are obviously more reliable for the gastrointestinal diseases as a cause of death than in most other major categories of diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Mortality and autopsy rate for respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973.

Mortality from respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973 was investigated using the official statistics and original death certificates. Total mortality from respiratory diseases in men was significantly higher than in women. Total respiratory mortality in men has increased slightly since 1963, whereas in women it decreased between 1955 and 1963 but has since remained almost constant. Mortality from lung cancer increased in men constantly in the years 1955--1973, but this was not found in women. Mortality from obstructive lung diseases in men increased slightly between 1955 and 1969 but not since. This increase was recorded only for the elderly whereas the opposite trend was found in younger people. The number of deaths from pneumonia decreased between 1955 and 1963. After 1963 these deaths increased again but only in the older age groups. Mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis showed a steady decrease. In 1973 the autopsy rate was 80.6% in pneumococcal pneumonia, 65.6% in pulmonary embolism, 48.1% in bronchiectasis, and 47.0% in pulmonary tuberculosis, exceeding significantly the mean national autopsy rate which was 38.3%. This might mean that at least some of these respiratory diseases are underdiagnosed clinically as the performance of an autopsy seems to increase their relative proportion in mortality statistics.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Gross deformity of the spine; a lumbar myelographic risk with Conray and Dimer X.

Convulsions and fracture of the neck of the femur following myelography with Conray and Dimer X are reported in two patients with a gross post-tuberculous gibbus deformity of the thoracic spine. The possible causes of the increased risk associated with myelography of the patients with gibbus are discussed.

Femoral Neck Fractures↗
PubMed1978

Assessment of beta-blocking activity of trimepranol in man.

The beta-blocking potency and the duration of action of trimepranol were measured in healthy volunteers using isoprenaline antagonism and reduction in exercise tachycardia. Based on isoprenaline antagonism, trimepranol was four times as potent as propranolol on a weight basis. The degree of beta blockade increased linearly with dose from 5 mg to 20 mg, excluding a dose-dependent first-pass metabolism in this dose range. There was a significnat correlation between plasma concentration and the effect of 14C-trimepranol on isoprenaline and exercise tests. The elimination half-life of trimepranol, calculated both on the basis of its effects and plasma concentrations, was approximately three to four hours. The beta blockade due to 10 or 20 mg of trimepranol was extended at least up to 12 hours following p.o. administration, based both on isoprenaline and exercise tests and on the effect of resting heart rate. Twice-a-day administration thus seems sufficient to provide a continuous beta blockade in the clinical use of trimepranol.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1977

Fate of [14C]-bumetanide in man.

1. The fate of bumetanide was studied in four healthy volunteers both after intravenous oral administration of [14C]-bumetanide (0.5 mg). 2. The absorption of oral [14C]-bumetanide was rapid (absorption half-life 0.61 h) and complete with a urinary recovery of about 80% of the intravenous or oral dose during 48 h. 3. The elimination of [14C]-bumetanide was rapid with a half-life of elimination (T 1/2 beta) of 1.5 h. 4. Protein bound fraction of [14C]-bumetanide in plasma was 95%. No bumetanide was found in red blood cells. 5. Four metabolites of [14C]-bumetanide were found in urine. Together they accounted for about one third of the radio-activity excreted into urine during the first 6 h after the administration of the drug. 6. Bumetanide is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, bound extensively to plasma proteins, metabolized to some extent and excreted rapidly, principally into urine.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effects of glucagon and insulin on the Paneth cells of the mouse duodenum.

The effect of glucagon and insulin on the paneth cells (PC) of the duodenum of the mouse was investigated using light microscopy. Both glucagon and insulin were able to increase significantly the number of the secretory granules of PC. This possibly means that these hormones are capable of inhibiting the secretion of PC.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Psychotropic drugs and impairment of psychomotor functions.

The present work deals with the effects of psychotropic drug therapy on the operation of psychomotor functions used in a clinical examination of suspected drunken drivers. 100 psychiatric mental, but otherwise health, patients were examined; the type of medication and the number of drugs used varied greatly. In 71 cases the mean degree of error in the clinical examination was higher, and, in several of these, markedly higher than the reference values obtained earlier on suspected drunken drivers when the blood contained very small amounts of alcohol or none at all. In 18 cases coarsely-divided nystagmus was registered in patients on psychotropes. This is an obvious sign of a marked side-effect of medication but was present more infrequently than in subjects with after ingestion of alcohol. The present results indicate that application of the clinical examination method, which was originally developed for and related to the examination of alcohol cases, to subjects on psychotropes is adequate, and it is possible with clinical examination to obtain valuable medicolegal information on the impairment of physiological functions. The present review of suspected drugged drivers examined in Helsinki in 1969--1972 also supports this view.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Comparative study on the underlying cause and mode of death established prior to and after medicolegal autopsy.

A comparative study was made on the underlying cause and mode of death determined in 600 consecutive cases by forensic physicians before and after medicolegal autopsy. All available information including police records, medical documents of decedents and the results of the external medicolegal examination of the corpse were utilized to determine the cause and mode of death before autopsy. The mode of death would have been defined erroneously in 10% of cases and the underlying cause of death in 29.5% of cases if medicolegal autopsy had not been performed. The present results are consistent with previous studies which indicate that the determination of the underlying cause of death is significantly more accurate when an autopsy is performed. They also suggest that in a large number of routine medicolegal cases a similar trend, but at a lower rate, is associated with the determination of the mode of death.

Accidents↗
PubMed1975

Effects of myocardial infarction on adrenergic nerves of the rat heart muscle, a histochemical study.

The anterior branch of the left coronary artery of the rat heart was ligated and the effects of anoxia on adrenergic nerves were studied histochemically using formaldehyde-induced fluorescence for localization of norepinephrine. Greenish catecholamine fluorescence was associated in the normal or infarcted myocardium only with adrenergic nerves. Constant but not prominent changes were seen in adrenergic nerve fibers 2 or 4 h after ligation of the coronary artery; the number of dilicate adrenergic fibers was reduced and some diffusion of the histochemical reaction was seen in small areas of the infarcted myocardium. Strong effects of anoxia were seen 8 h or more after ligation of the coronary artery. These were characterized by a prominent diffusion of the histochemical reaction and gradual disappearance of adrenergic structures in 2 to 4 days of anoxia. During the healing phase the appearance of numerous adrenergic nerve fibers was closely connected with the ingrowth of a new vascular bed into the infarction area. The observations indicate that adrenergic nervous structures of the myocardium resist the effects of anoxia, which may indicate the viability of sympathetic nerves in the infarcted area during long periods of anoxia.

Animals↗