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A Polliack

Publications and source records attributed to A Polliack.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis of normal and leukemic human lymphocytes.

A comparative study of the elemental content of normal and leukemic cells was undertaken on a few subjects, using electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. Phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, copper, and zinc were detected in intracellular loci. The concentration of some of the above elements appeared to be disease related. In leukemic lymphocytes, the nuclear zinc was significantly lower than that recorded in normal lymphocytes, while the phosphorus was only moderately decreased. This suggests a faulty zinc uptake or binding in leukemic cells. The possible consequences of intracellular zinc deficiency are discussed.

Calcium↗
PubMed1976

Erythrocytosis associated with multiple cutaneous leiomyomata: report of a case with demonstration of erythropoietic activity in the tumour.

A patient with leiomyomata of the skin and erythrocytosis is reported. After surgical removal of the larger skin tumours there was remission of the haematologic abnormalities and the erythrocytosis and the red cell mass decreased to normal levels. The raised serum erythropoietin levels were reduced but remained slightly elevated and less than those recorded prior to surgery. Tumour extracts contained significant erythropoietic activity. This seems to be the first documented case of erythrocytosis associated with skin leiomyomata.

Erythropoiesis↗
PubMed1975

Scanning electron microscopy of tobacco mosaic virus-labeled lymphocyte surface antigens.

The study of surface antigen by immunoelectron microscopy has been hampered by the fact that thin sections of cells provide only a view of the cell perimeter in an essentially two- dimensional fashion. Although the reconstruction of the entire cell from serial sections has been accomplished (1), it remains too exacting a technique and will find only exceptional application. Carbon-platinum replicas (2) allow the inspection of larger surface areas and therefore are better suited for studying the distribution of antigens (3). But since only relatively smooth surfaces will yield stable replicas, cells with large numbers of microvilli are not amenable to this technique. Despire its limited resolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) seems to be the method of choice because it can provide a view of almost half of the surface of a cell close to its natural configuration, particularly after critical point or freeze drying (4, 5). Immunological-labeling methods have not yet been routinely applied to SEM although both latex spheres (6) and hemocyanin (7) have been used with some success. The optimal visual marker should possess the following properties: be of a distinctive shape, chemically stable, and have per se a low binding affinity for cell surfaces. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a marker with which we are familiar in transmission electron microscopy (8), seems to meet these demands; it has rod-like shape and defined dimensions (15 x 300 nm) and in addition it can easily be distinguished from surface microvilli. As the hybrid antibody technique (9) is also applicable to TMV, we have attempted to combine such immunological labeling with SEM. We present evidence that surface antigens can indeed be visualized by SEM, using the TMV marker in conjunction with the hybrid antibody technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Surface morphology of murine B and T lymphocytes: A comparative study by scanning electron microscopy.

A variety of murine lymphocytes of known B or T derivation obtained from different lymphoid organs were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by the critical point drying method after collecting the cells by aspiration onto silver membranes. Comparison of SEM appearances of cells prepared by this technique and serological classification according to surface antigens showed that most T cells had smooth surfaces with few microvilli, while many B lymphocytes were moderately to markedly villous. Further evidence for the above correlation was obtained by examining thymic cells and enriched B or T cell populations. Thymic cell suspensions containing less than 5% B cells showed over 80% generally smooth cells by SEM. Enriched T cell populations, obtained by mass cytolysis of lymph node preparations with anti-Ia or anti-Ig sera or by purification through nylon fiber columns, contained over 85% T cells, and more than 75% of them were of the smooth cell type. A similar correlation was noted for enriched B cell populations obtained by cytolysis of lymph node cells with anti-Thy-1 serum, and by lysis of EAC-rosettes. Over 90% of these cells were identified as B cells by immunologic methods and approximately 75% had moderate to markedly villous surfaces. The 15% difference can be accounted for by the existence of a subpopulation of smooth B cells. Direct observation of EAC-rosettes confirmed that most B cells had moderate to large numbers of surface microvilli and that less than 10% were smooth. It is possible that some of the smooth cells seen in enriched B cell populations may represent precursors or B lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation. These results indicate that murine T and B lymphocytes, like their human counterparts, can be recognized in many cases under the SEM on the basis of their surface morphology. Smoother B and more villous T cells are difficult to classify by SEM without parallel immunologic identification.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A scanning electron microscopic study of 34 cases of acute granulocytic, myelomonocytic, monoblastic and histiocytic leukemia.

This report describes the surface architecture of leukemic cells, as seen by scanning electron microscopy in 34 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Six patients with myeloblastic, 4 with promyelocytic, 10 with myelomonocytic, 8 with monocytic, 4 with histiocytic and 2 with undifferentiated leukemia were studied. Under the scanning electron microscope most leukemia histiocytes and monocytes appeared similar and were characterized by the presence of large, well developed broad-based ruffled membranes or prominent raised ridge-like profiles, resembling ithis respect normal monocytes. Most cells from patients with acute promyelocytic or myeloblastic leukemia exhibited narrower ridge-like profiles whereas some showed ruffles or microvilli. Patients with myelomonocytic leukemia showed mixed populations of cells with ridge-like profiles and ruffled membranes whereas cells from two patients with undifferentiated leukemia had smooth surfaces, similar to those encountered in cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It appears that nonlymphoblastic and lymphoblastic leukemia cells (particularly histiocytes and monocytes) can frequently be distinquished on the basis of their surface architecture. The surface features of leukemic histiocytes and monocytes are similar, suggesting that they may belong to the same cell series. The monocytes seem to have characteristic surface features recognizable with the scanning electron microscope and differ from most cells from patients with acute granulocytic leukemia. Although overlap of surface features and misidentification can occur, scanning electron microscopy is a useful adjunct to other modes of microscopy in the study and diagnosis of acute leukemia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

The acute effect of pulmonary burns on lung mechanics and gas exchange in the rabbit.

To determine the role of the thermal element in the production of lung injury uncomplicated by the inhalation of fumes and soot, 18 anaesthetized, paralysed and ventilated rabbits were subjected to a steam burn of the respiratory tract. Transpulmonary pressure (difference between airway and pleural pressure) was recorded under static conditions between functional residual capacity and 40 ml above this point and the values obtained were used to calculate lung compliance. Static compliance decreased progressively with time in each of the experimental animals, the maximum decrease occurring within the 1st hour. Ten of the 18 animals died within 4 hr of the burn. There was little impairment of gas exchange. This data would suggest the clinical value of the early measurement of lung compliance in the evaluation of thermal pulmonary burns. Postmortem studies showed the presence of pulmonary oedema with intra-alveolar peribronchial and perivascular haemorrhages. The lesions were most prominent centrally, apparently because the dissipation of the heat resulted in less damage to the peripheral areas of the lung. Pulmonary megakaryocytosis was noted in seven of the experimental animals. This may have been a non-specific reaction to lung trauma.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Surface features of human eosinophils: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of a case of eosinophilia.

Cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with marked non-leukaemic eosinophilia. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed typical mature eosinophils. The surface architecture of eosinophils by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that most were spherical with varying numbers of microvilli; a smaller proportion of cells had ridge-like profiles, small ruffles and occasionally blebs. The surface features of the eosinophil thus resemble most lymphocytes and this finding must be considered when leucocyte populations are examined by SEM.

Eosinophilia↗
PubMed1975

'Hairy' cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis): a scanning electron microscopic study of eight cases.

Eight cases of 'hairy' cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The surface of critical-point-dried 'hairy' cells was characterized by prominent and exaggerated broad-based, ruffled membranes and scattered small clusters of stub-like microvilli. The surface morphology resembled that of normal and leukaemic monocytes, but differed from that of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Some cells with features of both lymphocytes and monocytes were difficult to categorize; the overall impression of the surface architecture of most 'hairy' cells suggests, however, that they are related to the monocytic series. From the examination of these cases it is evident that scanning electron microscopy may be used as a means of distinguishing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia from 'hairy' cell leukaemia on the basis of surface ultrastructure.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1975

A scanning electron microscopy and immunological study of 84 cases of lymphocytic leukaemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.

The surface features of cells from 84 cases of lymphocytic leukaemia, and related lymphoproliferative disorders are described as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the 46 cases of CLL were shown to be B-derived, but rare cases of mixed B and T cell leukaemia and leukaemia with cells bearing both B and T markers were also encountered. Despite the existence of a spectrum of cell surface morphology, it was possible in many cases to identify a dominant cell type. Cells from cases of B derived malignancies were most frequently of the 'predominantly villous' type while a smaller proportion of cases were of the predominantly 'smoother' or 'mixed villous and smooth' type. Variations in surface morphology also occurred with progression of the disease. In most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) 'smoother' cells predominated. However, more cases of ALL and T derived leukaemia need to be examined before definite conclusions can be drawn concerning the surface of these cell types. This study also illustrates the importance of examining large numbers of cases of leukaemia, before conclusions are drawn concerning their surface features and indicates that SEM cannot consistently distinguish between leukaemic B and T cells. It will be of interest to determine whether the surface architecture of the leukaemic cell is related to the degree of cell differentiation and eventual prognosis in these cases.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1975

The fine structure of thymoma, with emphasis on its differential diagnosis. A study of ten cases.

In this study, thymoma is defined as a neoplasm of the epithelial-reticular framework cells of the thymus. As in the normal thymus, these cells regularly displayed branching tonofilaments, macuale adherens, elongated processes, and basal lamina. These characteristics proved useful in the differential diagnosis of thymoma from a variety of anterior mediastinal tumors including thymic carcinoid, lymphoma, germinoma (seminoma type), and fibrous mesothelioma. Lymphocytes in the thymomas often showed mitotic activity and a moderate degree of transformation. The significance of this and the gland-like spaces, vacuolated epithelial cells, starry-sky appearance, emperipolesis, and perivascular spaces is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Scanning electron microscopy of murine macrophages. Surface characteristics during maturation, activation, and phagocytosis.

The present report describes the surface architecture of critical point dried mouse peritoneal macrophages, after attachment and spreading on glass, and during maturation and active phagocytosis of rabbit erythrocytes and latex spheres. This study also compares the appearance of unstimulated cells with that of thioglycollate and endotoxin-stimulated cells. Activated cells, particularly thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages, showed more rapid and extensive spreading, a larger surface area, and more prominent ruffled membranes and filopodia. Many fine cytoplasmic pits were also evident and these may represent the sites of formation of numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The sequence of events during the various stages of phagocytosis was well visualized with the scanning electron microscope. Multiple large, round, and hemispherical craters were observed in these cells, and particles were engulfed through these structures and subsequently ingested. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the macrophage plasma membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Scanning electron microscopy of human lymphocyte-sheep erythrocyte rosettes.

Human lymphocytes of known B or T derivation were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after rosetting with SRBC. After collection of the cells onto silver membranes the samples were prepared for SEM by the critical point drying method. Sheep RBC frequently underwent sphero-echinocyte transformation and multiple projections extended from their surfaces. This was readily noticeable after storage of SRBC in the cold and washing in Hanks, but more prominent after rosetting. These erythrocyte surface alterations were less apparent when freshly withdrawn cells were used. Spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosettes (E-R), a marker for human T lymphocytes, were prepared with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), thymic cells, and cultured T cells. EAC-rosettes (EAC-R), used to identify B lymphocytes with complement receptors, were prepared with normal PBL and cultured B cells. The majority of rosetting T lymphocytes had generally smooth surfaces while about 20% had an intermediate number of microvilli and 15% were more villous and indistinguishable from villous B cells. Studies of rosetting thymocytes and cultured T cells however indicated that the surface of some T cells alters on rosetting, becoming more villous and thus account for the higher numbers of villous T cells seen in E-rosettes. Point to point contact sites between SRBC and T lymphocytes were more frequent than broad zones of attachment. The majority of rosetting B lymphocytes had multiple microvilli, about 25% had a moderate number of microvilli and less than 10% had smooth surfaces similar to those of most T cells. Areas of contact between EAC and B lymphocytes were frequently broad zones of attachment. The study confirms that in many cases B and T lymphocytes can be distinguished by their surface architecture as seen under the SEM; however, about 20% of rosetting B and T cells have similar surfaces with intermediate numbers of surface microvilli and cannot be distinguished by SEM without parallel immunologic identification.

Animals↗