Second interval discrimination conditioning of the GSR as a function of UCS intensity and trace and delay conditioning paradigms.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Conditioning, Classical↗
Biomedical subjects
A R Zeiner
Publications and source records attributed to A R Zeiner.
Treatment of alcoholism and concomitant drugs of abuse.
It has been proposed that concomitant substances of abuse may have additive or synergistic properties such that alcoholics using other substances of abuse concurrently may have a harder time giving up alcohol than alcoholics abusing only alcohol. The present study surveyed 291 alcoholics in an alcohol treatment program and 86 social drinker controls matched on age, education, SES and gender. Alcohol consumption, smoking, coffee intake, other substances of abuse. Beck depression and Spielberger Anxiety (State) were measured. Alcoholics drank significantly more alcohol than did social drinkers per day (350.19 cc versus 28.08 cc, p less than 0.001), consumed more caffeine/day (486.3 mg versus 339.9 mg, p less than 0.002), smoked more cigarettes/day (27.8 versus 12.8, p less than 0.001), were more depressed (16.8 versus 4.4 (Beck), p less than 0.0001), had lower internal locus of control scores (37.6 versus 39.7, p less than 0.005), had higher scores on control by chance (22.7 versus 20.2, p less than 0.03) and were significantly more anxious (52.5 versus 33.9 on Spielberger's State Inventory p less than 0.0001). Some patients used stimulants, tranquilizers, depressants, narcotics or toluene. Only 3/258 abused alcohol without using other drugs. Results support earlier studies showing strong associations between alcohol and smoking and between alcohol and caffeine consumption. The alcoholic abusing only alcohol is very rare. Treatment programs need to pay attention to concomitant drugs of abuse.
Alcoholism↗
Effects of elevated female sex steroids on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in humans.
Two groups (n = 20 each for pill and no pill groups) of young female social drinkers were tested with an acute ethanol dose (0.52 g/kg) as a 20% solution in water. Ethanol pharmacokinetics and acetaldehyde were repeatedly assayed from breath by a gas chromatograph. Cardiovascular indices were concurrently recorded. Groups did not differ on ethanol pharmacokinetics. However, the group on birth control pills reached a significantly higher acetaldehyde concentration than did the group of normally cycling females not on birth control pills (3.26 ng/ml vs. 1.45 ng/ml). Further, the pill (P) group showed significantly greater vasodilation 20 min postdrink as indexed by ear lobe plethysmography than did the no pill (NP) group (P = 160.3% vs. NP = 113.9%). Results are consistent with the interpretation that female sex steroids modulate aldehyde dehydrogenase function. Practical implications are that females with elevated steroids (either pregnant or on birth control pills) may be at greater risk for toxic effects of ethanol consumption.
Acetaldehyde↗
Psychological correlates of drinking behavior in social drinker college students.
Psychological adjustment, cognitive functioning, and drinking behaviors have been shown to discriminate between alcoholic and control populations. Few data exist on the discriminatory power of such measures among social drinkers differing on alcohol intake level. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption and psychological/cognitive functioning in a group of social drinker college students made up of equal numbers of males and females, matched on age and education, and varying on amount of alcohol consumed per drinking episode. Results indicate no relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in this group of social drinkers. Drinking and psychological profiles of heavy social drinkers were very similar to those of diagnosed alcoholics and very dissimilar to light social drinkers. Such a finding suggests that these types of profiles may have predictive value for identifying at-risk social drinkers in the general population.
Adolescent↗
Gender differences in peak acetaldehyde concentration after an acute dose of ethanol.
Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethyl alcohol, is found in higher concentrations in alcoholics and heavy drinkers after alcohol ingestion than in social drinkers or abstainers. This experiment investigated gender differences related to acetaldehyde. Seventy-nine adult social drinkers (38 females and 41 males) were tested after an overnight fast and at least 4 hours food deprived with 0.52 g/kg ethanol in water (20% alcohol by volume). Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations from breath samples were determined every 5 minutes post-drink for 40 minutes with a gas chromatograph. The drink was consumed over a 5-minute period. Half of each group ran 30-140 miles per week. The other half were controls. A significant overall gender difference in peak acetaldehyde concentration was obtained (p less than 0.5), with males showing higher values than females. Among athletes, these gender differences were greater (p less than 0.002). Among controls the gender differences were in the same direction but they were not significant. Groups did not differ reliably on age (M = 32.88 years, F = 31.13 years), drinking history (M = 2.07, F = 1.92) or lean body mass (M = 43.1, F = 43.1). Groups did not differ on time to peak blood alcohol concentrations (M = 30.98 min, F = 31.58 min). The results have implications for gender differences in alcoholism and biological sensitivity to alcohol.
Acetaldehyde↗