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Biomedical subjects

B Baljet

Publications and source records attributed to B Baljet.

50 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Retroperitoneal paraganglia and the peripheral autonomic nervous system in the human fetus.

By means of the AChE in toto staining method retroperitoneal paraganglia and the peripheral autonomic nervous system in human fetuses have been investigated. Many small retroperitoneal paraganglia are present near the sympathetic trunks close to the sympathetic trunk ganglia. In the thoracic region small paraganglia are present in the intercostal spaces. Small splanchnic nerves entering small paraganglia have been described. In the lower sacral region no paraganglia are present. The major splanchnic nerve arises at various levels from the sympathetic trunks as well as many smaller thoracic splanchnic nerves. Intermediate ganglia are present in the major splanchnic nerve, the smaller splanchnic nerves and the communicating rami. In the sympathetic trunks many ganglia are fused. In the human fetus there exists a large variability in number and diameter of the communicating rami. Interconnecting bundles of nerve fibers between the left and right sympathetic trunks are present at all levels, but most numerous at the sacral level.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1985

The development of the peripheral autonomic nervous system in relation to the gastro-intestinal tract.

In this study the development of vagus nerves and the development of sympathetic nerves related to the development of the upper gastro-intestinal tract was studied in the rat from 12.5 days p.c. until birth by means of enzyme histochemical methods applied to sections and toto preparations. A striking time relation between the ingrowth of the vagus nerves as well as the sympathetic nerves and the appearance of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive cells in the wall of the upper gastro-intestinal tract is established. The maturation of the upper enteric ganglion cells is dependent on the presence of a vagal influence. The vagal ingrowth of the stomach starts at about day 12.5 p.c. In AChE toto preparations it is established that the basic distribution pattern as described in the adult rat is complete at day 15 p.c. However, in contrast with the adult state, gastric branches can be traced up to the pylorus and the greater curvature until day 18 p.c. During the 18th day p.c. there is a tremendous increase in the surface area of the stomach. This increase in surface area of the gastric wall and relative decrease in vagal outgrowth leads to the adult configuration of vagal ramifications in relation to the wall of the stomach which can already be observed on the 19th day p.c.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1985

A mesoscopic technique for the study of the development of the peripheral system in rat foetuses.

UNLABELLED: In order to study the morphogenesis of the nervous system in the rat an acetylcholinesterase in toto method for staining nervous tissue in rat foetuses was developed. PROCEDURE: Rat foetuses of 14-22 days are fixed "en bloc" for 24 hours in a cold sucrose-formol solution. Fixed specimens are rinsed for 2 days in cold 0.22 M sucrose in a sodiumcacodylate buffer (pH 7.2). The specimens are cut (mid-)sagittally with the aid of a razor-blade, and incubated in a medium of acetylthiocholine iodide in acetate buffer (pH 5.0). Then, dehydration in glycerine/water mixtures of increasing glycerine content follows. The specimens may be stored in pure glycerine or embedded in epoxy-resin blocks and can be studied under a binocular dissecting microscope. In using this in toto staining method both the continuity of the central and peripheral parts of the nervous system as well as details up to the level of individual perikarya and motor endplates are preserved. With this mesoscopic method the three-dimensional architecture of the peripheral nervous system and its topological relations to other structures can be studies in one specimen. The exact procedure and the results as well as a method for embedding specimens in epoxy-resin blocks for teaching purposes are described. The advantages of this mesoscopic staining method for foetuses are discussed.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1982

Some aspects of the innervation of the abdominal and pelvic organs in the human female fetus.

The autonomic abdominal and pelvic nerve plexuses of the human female fetus, were studied by an in toto acetylcholinesterase method in order to obtain data on innervation of the ovaries, uterus, ureter and umbilical cord. The results of this study indicate that in the human fetus there is no anatomical evidence for the concept of a distinct regional nervous supply towards the organs of the abdomen and the pelvis. The ureteric nerve plexus contains small ganglia and the input for this plexus is found along the entire ureter. In the umbilical cord nerve plexuses were found along the blood vessels and urachus up to 30 mm from the umbilicus. The innervation of the skin does not continue in the superficial layer of the umbilical cord.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1980

The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the female rat.

The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method is used; moreover, acetylcholinesterase is demonstrated in sections. The hypogastric plexus is defined as the nerve plexuses caudal to the inferior mesenteric ganglia comprising the uterine cervical ganglia and various smaller ganglia. The origin of the hypogastric plexus is formed by the hypogastric nerves, bundles of nerve fibers from the lumbar and cranial part of the sacral sympathetic trunks, bundles of nerve fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the pelvic nerves. The origin of the caudal part of the hypogastric plexus is also constituted by the pudendal nerves. The uterine nerves are derived from the ovarian nerves, the uterine cervical ganglia, the hypogastric nerves and the lumbar sympathetic trunks. The nerves to the urinary bladder are derived from the ganglionated nerve plexuses in the mesometrium as well as from the uterine cervical ganglia. The vaginal nerves are derived from the uterine cervical ganglia, the ganglionated nerve plexus in the mesometrium and the pudendal nerve. The rectal nerves are derived from the ganglionated inferior mesenteric plexus, the uterine cervical ganglia and the pudendal nerves. The hypogastric plexus in the rat is in many respects more complex than is known from the literature. These anatomical data are relevant for instance to experimentators who use the pelvic autonomic plexuses in the rat as a model system for the analysis of autonomic neuronal regulation systems in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in the female rat.

The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method was used; moreover, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase were demonstrated in sections. The major splanchnic nerve has its origin in the ninth and tenth thoracic sympathetic trunc ganglia. In the major splanchnic nerve a suprarenal ganglion is present. Sometimes the minor splanchnic nerve, arising from the tenth thoracic ganglion, joins the distal part of the suprarenal ganglion. The left and right major splanchnic nerves join the left and right celiac ganglia in the plexus. The left celiac ganglion is always bigger than the right one. The celiac plexus and the celiac inferior mesenteric plexus are joined by the intermesenteric plexus. Para-aortic nerves, originating in the caudal part of the thoracic sympathetic truncs, also join the abdominal prevertebral plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves, not symmetrical in their origin, join the prevertebral plexuses and give off branches to the abdominal organs. The suprarenal glands receive bundles of nerve fibers, sometimes ganglionated, from the suprarenal ganglion. The kidneys are innervated from the celiac plexus, the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves and the intermesenteric plexus. The ovarian nerves are derived from the celiac plexus, the intermesenteric plexus and the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves. Bundles of nerve fibers run from the suprarenal ganglion in the celiac plexus in the direction of the suspensory ligament of the ovary. In many respects this description is at variance with existing literature on the autonomic innervation in the rat. These differences with the standard literature are relevant to those workers engaged in experiments on the sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

The innervation of the umbilical cord of the rat. A histochemical study.

The umbilical cords of 21 days old rat foetuses were investigated using histochemical methods for acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines. An AChE positive nerve plexus is situated only around the vitelline vessels. At regular intervals the bundles of this plexus exhibit small ganglia. These ganglia are made up of nerve cells, which are AChE positive and show formaldehyde induced fluorescence, thus indicating an adrenergic nature of these cells. No innervation could be found in the allantoic part of the umbilical cord.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1975

An acetylcholinesterase method for in toto staining of peripheral nerves.

UNLABELLED: Stomach, small intestine, uterus, urinary bladder, vagina, mesentery, mesometrium and joint capsule of rats, gall bladder, cystic duct and bile duct of dogs and uteri of young children are stained in toto. PROCEDURE: Tissue is perfused with saline containing hyaluronidase, then pinned on a flat layer of Paraplast and fixed for 24 hr in cold sucrose formol solution. Stomach, urinary bladder and gall bladder are also fixed in toto. Rinse for 2 days in cold 0.22 M sucrose in a sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Incubate in medium consisting of 60 mM acetate-buffer pH 5.0 or pH 5.6 (for human material only), 2 mM acetylthiocholine iodide, 15 mM Na citrate, 3 mM Cu sulphate, 0.5 mM K3Fe(CN)6, 5 times 10-4 M iso-OMPA, 1% Triton X 100 at 37C. Rinse in doubly distilled water. Dehydrate in glycerine/water mixtures of increasing glycerine content. Store in glycerine or delaminate under dissecting microscope. Delaminated specimens are mounted on gelatinized object glasses, cleared in xylene and coverslipped with Malinol. Specimens stored in glycerine can be studied microscopically. Stained specimens can also be embedded in Paraplast and sections can be studied after counterstaining.

Acetylcholinesterase↗