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Biomedical subjects

B Jacobs

Publications and source records attributed to B Jacobs.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
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Segmental porcine pancreatic autotransplantation as model for pancreas preservation studies using two different techniques for vascular reconstruction.

Pancreatic segmental autotransplantation in the pig has been considered an attractive model to study several aspects of pancreas transplantation because of the absence of rejections related to the immune system. However, the frequent presence of anatomical variations in the vascular supply of the left pancreatic segment in the pig makes this model difficult, impairing the access for vascular flushing and revascularization in pancreatic autotransplantation. We assessed pancreatic vascular anatomy of 71 Landrace pigs: group I (G1, n = 32) transplanted after direct reconstruction of the hepatic flow; and group II (G2, n = 39) transplanted after hepatic-celiac arterial reconstruction (HECAR) with an iliac vascular graft between the celiac trunk and the hepatic artery. HTK (histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate; Custodiol) and UW (University of Wisconsin; Viaspan) solutions were used. In total, 23 technically successfully transplanted animals (HTK = 15; UW = 8) after 24 h of cold storage were studied. Reconstruction time was longer in G2 than in G1 (p = .04). Thrombosis of the reconstructed hepatic artery occurred more in G1 than in G2 (45% vs. 8%, respectively, p = .013). Pancreatic arterial thrombosis was noticed in 10 animals in G1 (32%) and in 2 in G2 (5%) (p = .026). Ninety-four percent of pancreas grafts were suitable for cold storage study in G2 versus 45% for G1 (p < .001). No differences were noticed in K values, weight of transplanted grafts, preoperative and 24 h postoperative glycemia, for both preservation solutions. Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation can be successfully performed for cold preservation studies. A high percentage of pancreas useable for transplantation can be achieved using hepato-celiac arterial reconstruction. HTK solution is suitable for flushing and 24 h of preservation for pancreatic grafts in the porcine model.

Animals↗
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Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) for adults with severe aphasia: where we stand and how we can go further.

PURPOSE: To review literature specific to the use of AAC with adults who have severe aphasia. METHOD: The authors reviewed studies involving AAC interventions for adults with severe aphasia. RESULTS: Published data support the use of aided and unaided AAC with adults with severe aphasia in controlled treatment contexts. Reported gains in communication typically have not generalized to everyday settings. CONCLUSIONS: The application of AAC with persons with severe aphasia must address factors potentially limiting treatment success outside of training environments.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental changes in brain metabolism in sedated rhesus macaques and vervet monkeys revealed by positron emission tomography.

The present positron emission tomography study used 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose to examine age-related changes in local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (LCMRglc) in sedated rhesus macaques and vervet monkeys. Nineteen vervet monkeys were scanned in a cross-sectional design, which consisted of three age groups (birth to 59 d, 60-179 d, 180 d to adult) that captured the developmental period of greatest synaptic density within the second group. Two rhesus and two vervet monkeys were also examined longitudinally. Subjects were sedated throughout the procedure with a combination of ketamine and midazolam. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of 20 brain regions indicated lowest LCMRglc in rhesus and vervet monkeys < 2 months of age (about 60% of adult levels). These metabolic rates more than doubled to approximately 155% of adult levels after the second postnatal month, coincident with transient synaptic overproduction and increased sociobehavioral activity. LCMRglc remained high until 6 months postnatally, coincident with continued dendritic growth and the emerging sociobehavioral independence of the young monkey. After 6 months, LCMRglc decreased gradually to adult levels. Thus, the period between 2 and 6 months is a time of peak metabolic activity, which coincides with increased histologic and behavioral activity in the developing monkey.

Age Distribution↗
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Osteoid osteoma of the hip in children.

In 31 children with osteoid osteoma lesions about the hip ranging in age from 2 to 16 years, there was an inordinate frequency of diagnostic delay with 16 patients having symptoms for more than 12 months. The clinical features were dominated by pain, limp, restricted hip motion and thigh atrophy. Twelve patients did not have classical night pain. Errors in diagnosis occurred in 22 instances. The roentgenographic appearance of most lesions consisted of a radiolucent central nidus encircled by sclerotic bone. Twenty-nine of the 31 patients were operated upon utilizing intra-operative roentgenograms and the nidus fully excised, with histological confirmation in 24 cases. All were relieved of preoperative symptoms. Two patients, who did not have surgical treatment, had pain for about one year and thereafter became pain free for 2 and 12 years. The sequelae observed at follow-up were meralgia paresthetica in 12 patients and mild asymptomatic leg length discrepancies in 7 patients. In view of these findings and since the process of apparent regression is slow and characterized by pain, blocked surgical excision of the lesion is the procedure of choice.

Adolescent↗
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Sarcoidosis presenting as cervical radiculopathy: a case report and literature review.

A unique case of sarcoidosis, presenting as a unilateral multilevel cervical radiculopathy without spinal cord compression, is discussed. The clinical presentation, along with the initial myelographic findings and emphasis on local compressive etiologies delayed the diagnosis. The aim of this report is to focus on this unique entity and to review its role in the differential diagnosis of patients with atypical cervical radiculopathy. A pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid, an increase in protein concentration, and hypoglycorrhachia support the diagnosis of spinal cord sarcoidosis. While the outlook for patients with spinal cord sarcoid is poor, improvement of neurologic deficits has been documented after steroid therapy. A review of the literature on sarcoid involvement of the spinal cord and roots is summarized.

Adult↗
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Trends in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence in volunteer blood donors in Connecticut, 1973-1983.

A total of 1,573,769 blood donations from volunteer blood donors from Connecticut were tested for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) from 1973 to 1983. The prevalence of HBsAg decreased over this 10 year period among first time as well as repeat donors. This decrease was much more pronounced in the first three years of the study (1973 to 1975) in repeat donors. Thereafter, prevalence was stable. In first-time donors, the largest decrease also occurred in the first three years. In contrast to repeat donors, however, marked fluctuations in the prevalence were noted in first time donors. As has been the case in previous studies, HBsAg prevalence in first-time donors was significantly higher than that observed in repeat donors. Our study encompasses the longest period of observation in comparison to previous reports on HBsAg prevalence among blood donors. While it has been previously established that a decrease in prevalence over time does occur among repeat donors, stabilization of prevalence after an initial reduction found in our study has not been previously documented. This may indicate an irreducible minimum prevalence rate in the repeat donor population. In addition, our study for the first time convincingly demonstrates a reduction in prevalence in first-time donors which may reflect better communications at the donor recruitment and nursing level.

Blood Donors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of traumatic and nontraumatic osteonecrosis.

In reviewing the epidemiology of traumatic and nontraumatic osteonecrosis the only common denominator appears to be that of circulatory compromise. Causative mechanisms seem to be quite distinct. A number of factors may predispose to postfracture hip necrosis, i.e. the type of fracture, the quality of reduction and union of the fracture. For postdislocation necrosis, causative factors include the type of dislocation as well as the timing and nature of the reduction. For nontraumatic osteonecrosis, an array of consistently associated systemic disorders appears to be largely linked by frequent lipid elevations. Alcoholism and corticosteroid use account for the bulk of cases and there is consistent predisposition to males and bilateral involvement. Multifocal lesions attest to the systemic basis for this form of necrosis.

Adult↗