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Biomedical subjects

B Z Locke

Publications and source records attributed to B Z Locke.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Longitudinal analyses of psychological well-being in a national sample: stability of mean levels.

Maturational changes, cohort differences, and time of measurement effects on psychological well-being were examined in data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I Epidemiologic Followup Study. A 9-year longitudinal study of 4,942 men and women initially aged 25 to 74 was supplemented by cross- and time-sequential analyses using an independent sample of 4,986 participants who were first administered the well-being measures at the time of the follow-up. Older participants in the study tended to be lower in both Positive and Negative Affect, but longitudinal changes in these two subscales were not found, and Total Well-Being showed no significant age, birth cohort, or time effects in any of the analyses. Given the size and representativeness of the sample, this is strong evidence of the stability of mean levels of psychological well-being in adulthood, and points to the importance of enduring personality dispositions and processes of adaptation in determining levels of well-being.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics.

The National Institute of Mental Health multisite Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program is described in the context of four previous psychiatric epidemiologic surveys that included a combined total of 4,000 subjects from Stirling County, the Baltimore Morbidity Study, Midtown Manhattan, and the New Haven third-wave survey. The ECA program is distinguished by its sample size of at least 3,500 subjects per site (about 20,000 total); the focus on Diagnostic Interview Schedule--defined DSM-III mental disorders; the one-year reinterview-based longitudinal design to obtain incidence and service use data; the linkage of epidemiologic and health service use data; and the replication of design and method in multiple sites. Demographic characteristics of community and sample populations are provided for New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The design of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. The control and measurement of error.

Several methods are used to minimize and measure error in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Sampling methods involve the inclusion of group quarters such as prisons, nursing homes, and mental hospitals in the sample frame and the use of probability sampling throughout. Interviewing, methods include use of identical diagnostic interview protocols, centralized training of interview supervisors, standard instructions to interviewers, and reinterview of a subsample by clinicians. In the area of completion, the methods include a 75% to 80% respondent completion rate, a 95% or greater completion rate for individual questions, use of informant interviews where necessary, and statistical adjustments to correct for low completion rates in some subgroups. Analytic methods include use of a computerized diagnostic algorithm, common estimation formulas on identically formatted data files, and estimation of exact variances that take account of the multistage sample design.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1983

Extent of depressive symptomatology among patients seeking care in a prepaid group practice.

A total of 1921 consecutive adult patients seen in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics-Gynaecology at a prepaid group practice completed a self-administered depressive symptomatology questionnaire, the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). New health practitioners and physicians, who were not mental health specialists, blindly judged the presence or absence of depressive symptomatology. Twenty-one per cent of the patients suffered from depressive symptoms according to the CES-D, but only 15% of these were judged to be depressed by their physician or new health practitioner. The variables which predict the recognition of depressive symptomatology are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The persistence of depressive symptomatology among prepaid group practice enrollees: an exploratory study.

This exploratory study examines the persistence of depressive symptomatology as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depressive Scale (CES-D). Over as 12-month period, half of the group of 309 prepaid group practice enrollees reporting depressive symptoms at the beginning of the interval also had high scores on the CES-D at the end of the interval. Sociodemographic characteristics did not predict persistence of depression. Persistence of depression was positively associated with initially reporting cognitive and affective types of depressive symptoms, the presence of physical illness, the seeking of psychiatric treatment, and the receipt of psychotropic drug prescriptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Utilization of medical services after short-term psychiatric therapy in a prepaid health plan setting.

Utilization of medical services in Group Health Association of Washington, D.C., was analyzed for patients referred in 1970 for short-term psychiatric therapy under benefits but who had no therapy or referral for at least the 12 preceding months. A matched comparison group and family members were also studied. Medical visits were analyzed in three time periods: the 12 months preceding referral, the next 4 months when therapy was likely to be received, and a final 12 months. Compared with controls, the Index Cases did not show a significant reduction of "offset" in utilization of outpatient medical services after referral, but they did decreases days of medical hospitalization significantly. When Index Cases were divided into low and high users of psychiatric therapy, the former showed a decline, the latter an increase in medical visits, and the difference between them was significant. The before-after change in utilization among other family members was similar to that for index and control subjects. The findings suggest the need to identify the types of patient and the clinical settings which are most likely to maximize the offset effect of brief psychotherapy. Medical care programs should be tailored to meet the different psychotherapy. Medical care programs should be tailored to meet the different psychiatric needs of these and other patients in an effective and efficient manner.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Use and non-use of medication by sufferers of selected symptoms of depression.

The overuse of drugs as a means of alleviating stress and anxiety is thought to be characteristic of modern American society. This article addresses the problem by asking the question: given the number of people suffering from certain common symptoms, what percentage will seek relief through the use of medication? Multiple standardization is used to assess the effects of race, sex, age, marital status, and SES on the proportions of people reporting each symptom and the proportions of those who took medications, both before and after standardization for subgroup differences. More than 40 percent of the nearly 4000 adults surveyed reported some problems of sleeplessness and enervation, but when only those who reported persistent problems are examined, very few resorted to medications. The authors conclude that the U.S. is not a "pill-popping" society as depicted by the popular press.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Suicide ideation: its relation to depression, suicide and suicide attempt.

A random sample of 3,935 adults from a general population were interviewed and asked to report how often they had thoughts of suicide as well as their opinion on the frequency of suicide ideation in others. Depression was found to be related to the respondent's reports of his/her own suicidal thoughts and to reports of frequent suicide ideation in others. A total of 5.4 percent of the respondents reported some degree of suicide ideation in the previous month and 9.1 percent reported that others think about suicide once a month or more. When the demographic characteristics of those who report suicide ideation in themselves or others were compared to those of suicide attempters and committers, some consistencies were found, suggesting that such questions may be useful in identifying those "at risk." Nevertheless, sufficient discrepancies were found which suggest that there may be a number of factors which increase or decrease the likelihood that someone with thoughts of suicide will attempt or commit suicide. Follow-up studies are necessary to uncover such factors and the degrees to which they influence the occurrence of suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study.

Data from five psychiatric populations and a community sample are presented on the CES-D, 20-item self-report depression symptom scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. Results show that the scale is a sensitive tool for detecting depressive symptoms and change in symptoms over time in psychiatric populations, and that it agrees quite well with more lengthy self-report scales used in clinical studies and with clinician interview ratings. Although a symptom scale cannot differentiate between diagnositc groups, the CES-D has demonstrated its validity as a screening tool for detecting depressive symptoms in psychiatric populations.

Adolescent↗