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Biomedical subjects

Bin Sun

Publications and source records attributed to Bin Sun.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Stable chloroform emissions in southeastern China: insights from recent observations.

Chloroform (CHCl3) is a short-lived ozone-depleting substance not currently regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Due to the unique meteorological conditions in East Asia, CHCl3 emitted in this region has a greater potential to reach the stratosphere and contribute to ozone depletion. As an essential component of national CHCl3 emissions, southeastern China has attracted increasing attention. However, long-term observational data in this region remain relatively scarce, with no updates since 2020. In this study, we continuously measured atmospheric CHCl3 concentrations at a remote monitoring station in southeastern China from 1 June 2023 to 31 May 2025. Frequent concentration enhancements were observed during the monitoring period, with mixing ratios ranging from 9.3 to 134.1 ppt and an average value of 36.8 ± 19.7 ppt. Back-trajectory analysis indicated that air masses associated with elevated CHCl3 levels primarily originated from coastal industrial provinces in eastern China. Using the Potential Source Contribution Function and Concentration Weighted Trajectory methods, we identified the Yangtze River Delta (Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang Provinces) and Jiangxi Province as dominant source regions. Emissions of CHCl3 in southeastern China were estimated using the Tracer Ratio Method to be approximately 30.1 ± 5.3 Gg/yr from 2023-06-01 to 2025-05-31, indicating overall stability relative to earlier estimates and no apparent upward trend. These findings provide updated insights into the current status of CHCl3 emissions in southeastern China and highlight the need for continued monitoring and emission assessment of CHCl3 in East Asia, given its unregulated status and implications for ozone layer recovery.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2026

Precision Optimization of Behavioral Activation for Major and Subthreshold Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Exploring Dose-Response Relationships and Moderating Factors.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of behavioral activation (BA) in adolescents with subthreshold depression (SD) or major depressive disorder (MDD), exploring dose-response relationships and moderating factors. METHOD: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through December 31, 2024. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2, and evidence quality with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Analyses were performed with R, using standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous variables and meta-regression for dose-response relationships. Subgroup analyses included symptom severity, intervention setting, delivery format, and parental involvement. The primary outcome was the reduction in depressive symptoms (PROSPERO: CRD42023444273). RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included (11 RCTs meta-analyzed, comprising 572 participants). BA demonstrated a moderate effect size compared to treatment-as-usual (SMD = -0.42) and a large effect size compared to no-treatment controls (SMD = -0.87). BA was more effective for mild depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.93) than severe symptoms (SMD = -0.43), with significant efficacy in university settings (SMD = -0.94). Intervention without parental involvement exhibited significantly larger effects than those with parental participation (SMD = -0.94 vs -0.38; p < .0001), although this finding was likely confounded by age, symptom severity, and intervention setting. BA moderately improved both behavioral activation levels and functioning (SMD = 0.49). CONCLUSION: Short-term, school-based BA is significantly beneficial for older adolescents with mild depressive symptoms. Findings provide practical guidance for optimizing BA implementation and highlight directions for future research, including the need for larger sample sizes, standardized follow-up assessments, and more representative samples. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of behavioral activation (BA), a therapeutic approach focused on improving positive activities, in adolescents with subthreshold depression or major depressive disorder. Based on 14 included studies and 572 participants, BA was found to be more effective for subthreshold compared to major depression. These findings suggest a promising role for BA as an early intervention tool in adolescent depression. STUDY REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Precision Optimization of Behavioral Activation for Major and Subthreshold Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Exploring Dose-response Relationships and Moderating Factors; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023444273. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT: We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. Diverse cell lines and/or genomic datasets were not available. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis, DNA-binding and photocleavage studies of cobalt(III) mixed-polypyridyl complexes: [Co(phen)(2)(dpta)](3+) and [Co(phen)(2)(amtp)](3+).

Two novel cobalt(III) mixed-polypyridyl complexes [Co(phen)(2)(dpta)](3+) and [Co(phen)(2)(amtp)](3+) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline, dpta=dipyrido-[3,2-a;2',3'-c]- thien-[3,4-c]azine, amtp=3-amino-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-f]1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and characterized. The interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA was investigated by spectroscopic, cyclic voltammetry, and viscosity measurements. Results suggest that the two complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode. Moreover, these Co(III) complexes have been found to promote the photocleavage of plasmid DNA pBR322 under irradiation at 365nm. The mechanism studies reveal that hydroxyl radical (OH()) is likely to be the reactive species responsible for the cleavage of plasmid DNA by [Co(phen)(2)(dpta)](3+) and superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) acts as the key role in the cleavage reaction of plasmid DNA by [Co(phen)(2)(amtp)](3+).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Covalent photochemical functionalization of amorphous carbon thin films for integrated real-time biosensing.

Recent studies have demonstrated that carbon, in the form of diamond, can be functionalized with molecular and/or biomolecular species to yield interfaces exhibiting extremely high stability and selectivity in binding to target biomolecules in solution. However, diamond and most other crystalline forms of carbon involve high-temperature deposition or processing steps that restrict their ability to be integrated with other materials. Here, we demonstrate that photochemical functionalization of amorphous carbon films followed by covalent immobilization of DNA yields highly stable surfaces with excellent biomolecular recognition properties that can be used for real-time biological detection. Carbon films deposited onto substrates at 300 K were functionalized with organic alkenes bearing protected amine groups and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The functionalized carbon surfaces were covalently linked to DNA oligonucleotides. Measurements show very high selectivity for binding to the complementary sequence, and a high density of hybridizing DNA molecules. Samples repeatedly hybridized and denatured 25 times showed no significant degradation. The ability to use amorphous carbon films as a basis for real-time biosensing is demonstrated by coating quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) crystals with a thin carbon film and using this for covalent modification with DNA. Measurements of the resonance frequency show the ability to detect DNA hybridization in real time with a detection limit of <3% of a monolayer, with a high degree of reversibility. These results demonstrate that functionalized films of amorphous carbon can be used as a chemically stable platform for integrated biosensing using only room-temperature processing steps.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Photochemical functionalization of gallium nitride thin films with molecular and biomolecular layers.

We demonstrate that photochemical functionalization can be used to functionalize and photopattern the surface of gallium nitride crystalline thin films with well-defined molecular and biomolecular layers. GaN(0001) surfaces exposed to a hydrogen plasma will react with organic molecules bearing an alkene (C=C) group when illuminated with 254 nm light. Using a bifunctional molecule with an alkene group at one end and a protected amine group at the other, this process can be used to link the alkene group to the surface, leaving the protected amine exposed. Using a simple contact mask, we demonstrate the ability to directly pattern the spatial distribution of these protected amine groups on the surface with a lateral resolution of <12 mum. After deprotection of the amines, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides were linked to the surface using a bifunctional cross-linker. Measurements using fluorescently labeled complementary and noncomplementary sequences show that the DNA-modified GaN surfaces exhibit excellent selectivity, while repeated cycles of hybridization and denaturation in urea show good stability. These results demonstrate that photochemical functionalization can be used as an attractive starting point for interfacing molecular and biomolecular systems with GaN and other compound semiconductors.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2006

Dioxygen affinities and catalytic oxidation activities of cobalt complexes with Schiff bases containing crown ether.

The stoichiometry of dioxygen uptake of Co complexes with 4',5'-bis-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylmethylideneimino)benzo-12-crown-4 (1a), 4',5'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylmethylideneimino)benzo-12-crown-4 (1b), 4',5'-bis-(5-methoxy-2-hydroxyphenylmethylideneimino)benzo-12-crown-4 (1c), 4',5'-bis-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylmethylideneimino)benzo-15-crown-5 (2a), 4',5'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylmethylideneimino)benzo-15-crown-5 (2b), 4',5'-bis(5-methoxy-2-hydroxyphenylmethylideneimino)benzo-15-crown-5 (2c) were measured in pyridine solution. The equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters (DeltaH0, DeltaS0) of these complexes were calculated. At the same time, their catalytic activities in cyclohexene oxidation to 2-cyclohexen-1-one were examined. The influence of the crown ether ring on the dioxygen affinity of Co complexes at different temperature and the catalytic activities were discussed in comparison with uncrowned analogous complexes.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2006

Structure/property relationships in erodible multilayered films: influence of polycation structure on erosion profiles and the release of anionic polyelectrolytes.

We have investigated the influence of polymer structure on the erosion profiles of multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies fabricated from sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (SPS) and three different hydrolytically degradable polyamines. We synthesized three structurally related poly(beta-amino ester)s (polymers 1-3) having systematic variations in both charge density and hydrophobicity. These changes in structure did not influence film thickness significantly, but polymer structure was found to play an important role in defining the rates at which multilayered assemblies fabricated from these materials eroded in physiologically relevant media. Films 60 nm thick fabricated from polymer 1 and SPS eroded completely in 50 h when incubated in PBS buffer at 37 degrees C, as determined by ellipsometry. Analogous films fabricated from polymers 2 and 3 eroded and released SPS into solution over significantly longer time periods ranging from approximately 150 h (ca. 6 days) to 370 h (ca. 15 days), respectively. These differences are consistent with a systematic increase in the hydrophobicity of polymers 1-3 as well as the relative rates at which these polymers degrade hydrolytically. This work demonstrates that it is possible to tailor the rates at which thin, multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies release incorporated anionic polyelectrolytes over a large range of time periods simply by changing the structure of the degradable polyamine used to fabricate a film. The principles reported here may therefore contribute to the design of multilayered assemblies that permit a broad range of spatial and temporal control over the release of therapeutic agents from coated surfaces.

Coated Materials, Biocompatible↗
PubMed2006

Mechanism of in vivo DNA transport into cells by electroporation: electrophoresis across the plasma membrane may not be involved.

BACKGROUND: Recently, in vivo gene transfer with electroporation (electro-gene transfer) has emerged as a leading technology for developing nonviral gene therapies and nucleic acid vaccines. The widely hypothesized mechanism is that electroporation induces structural defects in the membrane and provides an electrophoretic force to facilitate DNA crossing the permeabilized membrane. In this study, we have designed a device and experiments to test the hypothesis. METHODS: In this study, we have designed a device that alternates the polarity of the applied electric field to elucidate the mechanism of in vivo electro-gene transfer. We also designed experiments to challenge the theory that the low-voltage (LV) pulses cannot permeabilize the membrane and are only involved in DNA electrophoresis, and answer the arguments that (1) the reversed polarity pulses can cause opposing sides of the cell membrane to become permeabilized and provide the electrophoresis for DNA entry; or (2) once DNA enters cytoplasmic/endosomal compartments after electroporation, it may bind to cellular entities and might not be reversibly extracted. Thus a gradual buildup of the DNA in the cell still seems quite possible even under the condition of the rapid reversal of polarity. RESULTS: Our results indicate that electrophoresis does not play an important role in in vivo electro-gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights into the mechanism of electro-gene transfer, and may allow the definition of newer and more efficient conditions for in vivo electroporation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Study on the treatment of nasal polyposis with bleomycin A5 local injection].

OBJECTIVE: To study the treatment mechanism of nasal polyposis by locally injecting Bleomycin A5. METHOD: The specimens from nineteen cases with nasal polyposis obtained before and after treatment with Bleomycin A5 were studied with immunohistochemical technique and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RESULT: The apoptosis index (AI) of eosinophil was (20.53 +/- 7.66) % before treatment and (44.47 +/- 8.97) % after treatment. There was significantly difference between them (P < 0.01). The rate of TGF-beta1 positive expression in eosinophil after treatment (74.74 +/- 5.22) % was significantly lower than that before treatment (85.18 +/- 8.07) % (P < 0.05). The expression of TGF-beta1 in matrix was also decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Bleomycin A5 could cure nasal polyposis by promoting eosinophil apoptosis and reducing the expression of TGF-beta1.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Study on the cause of tuberculosis recurrence by Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping method].

OBJECTIVE: To study the contribution of exogenous reinfection to tuberculosis recurrence. METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients who had experienced 2 successive tuberculosis episodes during the years from January 1999 to March 2004 were genotyped by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) method. The cause of tuberculosis recurrence was determined by comparing the MIRU pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates responsible for different tuberculosis episodes from patients. RESULTS: Of 37 qualified patients with recurrent tuberculosis, the isolates from 25 patients in their two tuberculosis episodes showed different MIRU patterns, indicating that 68% recurrent patients were due to exogenous reinfection. The exogenous reinfection rate decreased with the age from 3/3 (under 30 years) to 73% (11/15, 30 to 60 years) and 58% (11/19, over 60 years). The frequency of exogenous reinfection increased with the tuberculosis recurrent interval. Within 6 months, the exogenous reinfection accounted for 58% (7/12) of all the recurrence, while for the time more than one year, the percentage increased to 79% (11/14). CONCLUSIONS: Exogenous reinfection was a major cause of tuberculosis recurrence in Shanghai. MIRU genotyping method is useful to study the cause of tuberculosis recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Efficiency of total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation in 31 patients with uremic hyperparathyroidism].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the efficacy of total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation (total PTX + AT) in treating uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism and to discuss the relevant medical treatment used. METHODS: The clinical data of 31 patients with uremic SHPT admitted into our hospital from 1996-2005 were analysed with respect to total PTX + AT. RESULTS: The period of hemodialysis were for the patients was on the average 9.2 years. There were 22 male and 9 female with an average age of 42.4 (31 - 67) years. The clinical manifestations consisted of osteoarticular pain in 83.9%, fractures in 35.5%, soft tissue and vascular calcification in 45.2% and pruritus in 80.6%. Laboratory examination yielded the following results: haematocrit 0.25 +/- 0.04, serum Ca (2.61 +/- 0.35) mmol/L, serum P (2.14 +/- 0.31) mmol/L, plasma total alkaline phosphatase (AKP) (885 +/- 335) U/L and parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (1811 +/- 879) ng/L (700 - 2500 ng/L). Cervical ultrasonography and/or emission computed tomography showed 2 - 4 hyperplastic glands. All of the patients showed no response to medical treatment including vitamin D. Total PTX + AT was performed on the 31 cases. Clinical symptoms and signs markedly improved after operation in 1 to 2 weeks. However, fracture and ectopic calcification showed no improvement. Plasma iPTH decreased rapidly (< 200 ng/L) postoperatively in 1 to 2 days. Serum Ca and P returned to normal. AKP was corrected in 1 to 3 months. CONCLUSION: Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation is an effective treatment for severe uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Synthesis, characterization, DNA-binding and photocleavage studies of [Ru(bpy)2(PPIP)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(PPIP)]2+.

A novel ligand 2-(4'-phenoxy-phenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (PPIP) and its complexes [Ru(bpy)(2)(PPIP)](2+) (1) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(phen)(2)(PPIP)](2+) (2) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and characterized by mass spectroscopy, (1)H NMR and cyclic voltammetry. The interaction of two complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by spectroscopic and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that both complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode. Both complexes have also been found to promote the photocleavage of plasmid pBR 322 DNA under irradiated.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in urban and rural Chinese populations in Qingdao, China.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of diabetes in the Chinese adult population in rural and urban areas of Qingdao city. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study of diabetes was performed in 12 436 (5346 men) Chinese adults (20-74 years old) from 2001 to 2002. Fasting capillary whole blood glucose test (FCG) was performed in all participants and a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in those with FCG > or = 6.1 mmol/l following initial screening. The 1999 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for diabetes were used. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 6.1% (4.1% for undiagnosed and 2.1% for previously known diabetes) in adults aged 20-74 years. Diabetes prevalence increased with age up to the oldest age group (70-74); in subjects over 50 years of age, the prevalence reached 10%. Men tended to have a higher prevalence of known diabetes than women, whereas the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was lower in men than in women (4.6% vs. 3.3%, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001). Diabetes was more prevalent in the urban than in the rural population (6.9% vs. 5.6%, d.f. = 1, P < 0.001). However, the proportion of undiagnosed diabetes was higher in the rural than in the urban areas (70.5% vs. 58.0%, d.f. = 1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Qingdao city is moderately high, but much higher than reported in 1996. The large proportion of undiagnosed cases of diabetes indicates the lack of public awareness of diabetes and shortage of medical facilities. In view of the huge population in China, the results of this study emphasize the need to improve the early detection and prevention of diabetes in China to prevent the emerging diabetes epidemic.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The vascular wall as a source of stem cells.

We have characterized the emerging hematopoietic system in the human embryo and fetus. Two embryonic organs, the yolk sac and aorta, support the primary emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but only the latter contributes lymphomyeloid stem cells for definitive, adult-type hematopoiesis. A common feature of intra- and extraembryonic hematopoiesis is that in both locations hematopoietic cells emerge in close vicinity to vascular endothelial cells. We have provided evidence that a population of angiohematopoietic mesodermal stem cells, marked by the expression of flk-1 and the novel BB9/ACE antigen, migrate from the paraaortic splanchnopleura into the ventral part of the aorta, where they give rise to hemogenic endothelial cells and, in turn, hematopoietic cells. HSCs also appear to develop from endothelium in the embryonic liver and fetal bone marrow, albeit at a much lower frequency. This would imply that the organism does not function during its whole life on a stock of hematopoietic stem cells established in the early embryo, as is usually accepted. We next examined whether the vessel wall can contribute stem cells for other cell lineages, primarily in the model of adult skeletal muscle regeneration. By immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we documented the existence in skeletal muscle, besides genuine endothelial and myogenic cells, of a subset of satellite cells that coexpress endothelial cell markers. This suggested the existence of a continuum of differentiation from vascular cells to endothelial cells that was confirmed in long-term culture. The regenerating capacity of these cells expressing both myogenic and endothelial markers is being investigated in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and the results are being compared with those generated by satellite cells. Altogether, these results point to a generalized progenitor potential of a subset of endothelial, or endothelium-like, cells in blood vessel walls, in pre- and postnatal life.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

[Changes in apoptosis-related genes expression profile in human breast carcinoma cell line Bcap-37 induced by flavonoids from seed residues of Hippophae Rhamnoides L].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Hippophae rhamnoides L. possesses functions of antioxidation and radioprotection. This study was designed to investigate changes in apoptosis-related genes expression profile in human breast carcinoma cell line Bcap-37 induced by flavonoids from seed residues of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (FHR) with cDNA microarray, and to explore possible mechanism of signal transduction on apoptosis. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from Bcap-37 cells before and after treatment of FHR. Two cDNA probes, labeled by Cy3-dUTP or Cy5-dUTP fluorescent dyes, were synthesized via reverse transcription, and hybridized with a microarray contained 13 824 human 14K cDNA. Differential gene expression profiles of FHR group and control group were analyzed by Genespring software. RESULTS: After treatment of FHR, 305 genes were up-regulated, and 361 were down-regulated; 32 apoptosis-related genes were differentially expressed, and accounted for 0.23% of the total genes in cDNA microarray. Of the 32 apoptosis-related genes, 25 were up-regulated (average Ratio: 3.071), and 7 were down-regulated (average Ratio: 0.418). Bioinformatic analyses showed that the 32 genes, including CTNNB1, TSSC3, IGFBP4, IGFBP6, GADD34, TNFRSF10B, Caspase-9, and PCNA, related with apoptosis of Bcap-37 cells when treated with FHR. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis of Bcap-37 cells induced by FHR relates with various genes through co-regulating of intracellular and extracellular signal transduction pathways.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2005

[The mechanism and application of the correction for spherical myopia using small beam excimer laser].

In the laser ablation refractive surgeries, the corneal ablation model and its realization by laser are difficult to design. They greatly affect the results of those surgeries. This paper firstly presents a mathematical model for corneal ablation to correct the refractive error of spherical myopia, and then gives a technique of planning laser focus positions on cornea to realize the ablation model. Based on the principle of the correction for spherical myopia using small beam laser, our excimer laser corneal surgery system has been able to perform such refractive surgery. Now the corneal surgery system has been applied to clinical practice. Thirty-nine eyes with spherical myopia underwent LASIK using this kind of system. Their refractive states have been greatly improved. Preoperatively, the mean sphere was -5.57+/-2.95 D and the mean uncorrected visual acuity 0.12+/-0.07. One day after surgery, the mean sphere was -0.03+/-0.57 D and the mean uncorrected visual acuity 0.90+/-0.29. One month after surgery, the mean sphere was -0.68+/-0.98 D, and the mean uncorrected visual acuity 1.0+/-0.26.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

[Evaluation of the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units typing as a practical approach in molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new genotyping method, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) typing, for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to evaluate its feasibility. METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains stored at Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2000 to 2002, were randomly selected by simple digital table and genotyped by MIRU and Spoligotyping. RESULTS: By Spoligotyping method, 91 strains were typed to 20 genotypes, of which 89% (81/91) strains belonged to Beijing genotype, while by MIRU method, these strains were divided into 46 genotypes. The MIRU typing showed high discriminatory power, especially for the Beijing genotype strains. The 81 Beijing genotype strains could be subdivided into 39 different MIRU genotypes. In this sample collection, 12 MIRU loci showed different discriminative according to their allelic diversity. Locus 26 showed highly discriminative, while locus 16, 31, and 40 showed moderately discriminative. CONCLUSIONS: MIRU genotyping is a simple and fast method. Its numerical result facilitates the comparison among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from different labs.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗