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Biomedical subjects

C Anand

Publications and source records attributed to C Anand.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Characterization of Salmonella associated with pig ear dog treats in Canada.

In the summer of 1999, the incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis infections in Alberta rose dramatically. Subsequent laboratory and epidemiological investigations established that an outbreak of human disease caused by this organism was occurring across Canada and was associated with pet treats for dogs produced from processed pig ears. Laboratory investigations using phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) established that isolates of Salmonella serotype Infantis from pig ear pet treats and humans exposed to pig ear pet treats comprised a well-defined subset of all isolates analyzed. Of the 53 subtypes of Salmonella serotype Infantis obtained around the time of the outbreak as defined by PFGE and phage typing, only 6 subtypes were associated with both human infection and isolation from pig ears. Together with information from epidemiological studies, these investigations established pig ear pet treats as the cause of the Salmonella serotype Infantis outbreak. The results are consistent with a model in which contaminated pig ear pet treats constitute a long-term, continuing vehicle for infection of the human population rather than causing temporally delimited point-source outbreaks. During the course of this outbreak, several other Salmonella serotypes were also isolated from pet treats, suggesting these products may be an important source of enteric infection in both humans and dogs. Though isolates of Salmonella serotypes other than Salmonella serotype Infantis from pet treats were also subjected to PFGE and phage typing, no link with human disease could be definitively established, and the contribution of pig ear pet treats to human disease remains unclear. Elimination of bacterial contamination from pet treats is required to reduce the risk of infection from these products.

Alberta↗
PubMed2001

Tolterodine: superior tolerability than and comparable efficacy to oxybutynin in individuals 50 years old or older with overactive bladder: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: We compared the tolerability and clinical efficacy of tolterodine with those of oxybutynin in patients with an overactive bladder using an upward oxybutynin dose titration strategy analogous to that used in routine clinical practice in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized double-blind trial 378 male and female patients 50 years old or older with symptoms of overactive bladder (a urinary frequency of 8 or more voids per 24 hours with urgency and/or urge incontinence, that is 1 or more urge incontinence episodes per 24 hours) received 10 weeks of treatment with 2 mg. tolterodine twice daily/or an initial dose of 2.5 mg. oxybutynin twice daily, increasing to 5 mg. twice daily after 2 weeks of treatment. The main outcome measures were changes in voiding diary variables combined with detailed tolerability-safety assessments. RESULTS: Patients treated with tolterodine had significantly fewer adverse events (69% versus 81%, p = 0.01), notably dry mouth (37% versus 61%, p <0.0001), as well as a lower incidence of dose reduction (6% versus 25%, p <0.0001) than those in the oxybutynin group. Each agent had comparable efficacy for improving urinary symptoms. Tolterodine and oxybutynin caused a significant decrease (p = 0.0001) in the mean number of voids per 24 hours (-1.7 or -15% and -1.7 or -15%, respectively), urge incontinence episodes per 24 hours (-1.3 or -54% and -1.8 or -62%, respectively) and mean voided volume per void (33 ml. or 22% and 34 ml. or 23%) after 10 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Tolterodine is as effective as oxybutynin for improving the symptoms of overactive bladder but it has superior tolerability. The combination of these qualities makes tolterodine the preferred pharmacological therapy for the long-term treatment of this condition.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Pig and goat blood as substitutes for sheep blood in blood-supplemented agar media.

In many developing countries sheep and horse blood, the recommended blood supplements in bacteriological media, are not readily available, whereas pig and goat blood are. Therefore, this study examined the use of pig and goat blood as potential substitutes for sheep blood in blood-supplemented bacteriologic media commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories. In general, the growth characteristics and colony morphologies of a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and Candida albicans were similar on media containing pig, goat, and sheep blood, although differences were found. Enterococcus sp. uniformly produced alpha-hemolysis when incubated in CO(2), but in anaerobic conditions the hemolysis varied. In contrast, beta-hemolytic streptococci produced identical hemolytic reactions on all three media. Synergistic hemolysis was not observed on pig blood agar in the CAMP test nor on goat blood agar in the reverse CAMP test. The preparation of chocolate agar (heated) with pig blood required heating to a higher temperature than with sheep or goat blood to yield suitable growth of Haemophilus species. In general, we conclude that pig and goat blood are suitable alternatives to sheep blood for use in bacteriological media in settings where sheep and horse blood are not readily available.

Agar↗
PubMed2000

HIV/AIDS consultations.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Morphology of human suprarenal glands: a parameter for comparison.

Forty suprarenal glands were studied, 20 being dissected from aborted fetuses of 9 to 36 weeks' gestation and 20 obtained from human cadavers of ages 1 day to 60 years. All the specimens were from a Northern India population. The side and shape of each suprarenal gland was noted and documented. The length, breadth, thickness and volume of each gland were measured and tabulated in terms of age. The mean length, breadth and thickness in fetuses of 9-36 weeks were found to be 1.4 cm, 1 cm and 0.45 cm respectively. In the postnatal age group the measurements were 4.5 cm, 2.08 cm and 0.66 cm respectively. The commonest shape of the suprarenal glands on left side was semilunar but on the right side it was highly variable: triangular, tetrahedral, inverted Y or V shaped. On comparison of the gross measurements with available ultrasound and CT scan data it was found that both the length and thickness in the population studied were greater than reported in the literature. A knowledge of these variations is very important in diagnosis of abnormalities of the suprarenal gland, of which tumoral enlargement is rather common.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Academic performance of various categories of students admitted to Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi.

A retrospective study of 4 consecutive academic batches of students was conducted to analyse the performance level of students in 3 university examinations of MBBS. The students were divided into 3 categories based on the criteria of entrance into the medical college. The category I included students who entered through a tough pre-medical test, category II comprised those nominated by government and defence personnel and category III included the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe students. The results of the category I was remarkably better than that of II while that of category III was dismal. The last two categories had a large number of students leaving the college without completing their course resulting in 5.4% wastage of precious medical seats and psychological distress. Necessary remedial measures must be planned at the earliest.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cytogenetic evaluation of medical students exposed to formaldehyde vapor in the gross anatomy dissection laboratory.

Formaldehyde (FA) is a potential carcinogen and mutagen. In addition to inducing genotoxic effects in subhuman laboratory tests, FA has been found to be mutagenic to cultured human cells. Evidence regarding the genotoxic potential of FA on exposed individuals at occupational levels is insufficient and conflicting. The authors of this study examined chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from a group of 30 medical students exposed to FA for 15 months in a gross anatomy dissection laboratory. The results were compared with similar analyses from 30 off-site, matched, unexposed controls. At average exposures of less than 1 ppm, 72-hour lymphocyte cultures of the study cohort did not reveal any difference in the incidences of chromosomal aberrations among the exposed and the control group by conventional Giemsa staining and G-banding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Mastoid canals in adult human skulls.

Mastoid canals (tunnels) were observed in 41 (7.7%) of 265 dry human skulls. The canals were 2-27 mm long. This feature has not been reported before. dissection of 30 mastoid regions in cadavers showed that the canals contained a branch of the occipital artery and a vein. It is possible that during development of the mastoid process the squamous temporal bone ossifies over the vessels, giving rise to the canals.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Submandibular gland with multiple ducts.

A morphological peculiarity was observed in the form of a submandibular gland having three ducts. These ducts opened separately into the oral cavity. Only the upper and the largest of these three ducts was in the usual position and had the expected relation to the lingual nerve. Such a condition is to be kept in mind by a surgeon or a radiologist performing sialography. Unless each of the duct in instilled he may miss pathological findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Vagocervical complex replacing an absent ansa cervicalis.

Absence of the ansa cervicalis was noticed in only one out of 200 cadavers, and that only on the right side, where it was replaced by the vagocervical complex. This complex was formed by the vagus nerve with the C1 and C2 components from the cervical plexus, giving off a descending branch to supply the infrahyoid muscles of the neck.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1993

HLA-linked susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. A study of forty-one multicase families from northern India.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze segregation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with HLA-DR4 and/or other alleles in multicase RA families and to compare the segregation patterns among affected and unaffected sibs. METHODS: Forty-one multicase families (22 multiplex and 19 simplex) of northern Indian origin were studied for HLA haplotype segregation. RESULTS: HLA haplotype sharing among affected sibs was observed more often than expected in families in which both parents were healthy (P < 0.05). RA cosegregated with a DR4 haplotype among offspring only in multiplex families in which both parents were unaffected (P < 0.05), while in simplex families, the disease segregated with DR4 only when the allele was from the affected DR4-heterozygous parent. In DR4-negative affected sib pairs, DR1, DR6, and DR10 were inherited from healthy parents more often than expected. CONCLUSION: Dissimilar modes of inheritance are seen among multiplex and simplex RA families. The results of segregation analysis are compatible with the hypothesis that an epitope, rather than an individual DR antigen(s), is responsible for increased risk for development of RA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Endometrial estrogen and progesterone receptors within 2-14 days of missed menses in the human.

Serial changes in the endometrial levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) were measured in 50 women from days 2 to 14 of missed menses and correlated with the plasma concentrations of hCG, progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol. Both ER and PR of nuclei were higher than cytosolic proteins, with a shift in the ratio of nER/nPR to nPR from 4th day after missed menses. On Scatchard analysis of the cytosolic and nuclear binding proteins, two classes of proteins, corresponding to Type I and II, were found. While the increasing levels of hCG maintained luteal secretion of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol at normal mid-luteal phase levels, a gradual increase in 17 beta estradiol from 9th day of missed menses was noted. This delicate balance between circulating levels of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol and their nuclear receptors at early stages of pregnancy may be of significance.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1993

Occurrence of autoimmune diseases and relationship of autoantibody expression with HLA phenotypes in multicase rheumatoid arthritis families.

Presence of autoimmune diseases and relationship of autoantibody expression with HLA association has been studied in 44 multicase rheumatoid arthritis (RA) families of Asian Indian origin. An increased prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was observed in relatives (2.3%). Although HLA-DR4 segregated preferentially with seropositivity in general, no difference was observed among seropositive versus seronegative RA. On the other hand, no HLA association was observed with ANF positivity in these families. An increased frequency of DR7 in the ANF negative and RF negative group of RA patients compared to positive groups suggests that it may act as protective element for the development of autoantibodies in RA. An increased occurrence of DR4 in relatives affected with SLE was observed. While RA segregated mostly with HLA-DR4 in these families, autoimmune thyroid disease and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) segregated with HLA-DR3 suggesting the involvement of at least two sets of HLA-linked autoimmunity favouring susceptibility genes in the Indian population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Dermatoglyphic patterns of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Finger tip and palmar dermatoglyphics were studied in 31 patients (22 females and 9 males) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 38 matched controls (20 females and 18 males) from North India. While not many differences were observed in palmar patterns, a low ending of line A was found on both hands of two patients. Finger tip patterns were significantly different in patients compared to controls. No association with any dermatoglyphic feature and HLA antigens was observed.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1993

Immunogenetics of familial rheumatoid arthritis: a study of 41 multicase families.

HLA haplotypes were studied in 41 unrelated families from North India with multiple cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Affected sibpairs shared parental HLA haplotypes more often than expected (chi 2 = 13.6) according to Mendelian segregation. Using the method of sibpair ratio, nonrandom segregation of parental haplotypes was observed among affected sibs. HLA-DR4 was observed in 70% of the probands while among DR4 negative probands, DR10 occurred more frequently. However no specific haplotypic association with the disease was observed in these families.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Protective & risk DR phenotypes in Asian Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study of 168 north Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) confirms the significant association of susceptibility to RA with DR4 specificity (P less than 0.0001). This association was observed equally in familial as well as sporadic patients. The HLA-DR2 and DR5 alleles were identified to be conferring protection in RA, DR5 being reduced significantly in the non-familial patients only. None of the other DR antigens revealed any association with RA in this population, including the DR4 negative group of patients. An analysis of the DR phenotypes in patients and controls revealed that DR4 in combination with DR1 provided the highest relative risk (71.9) followed by DR4, DR4 (RR = 4.1). These results demonstrate that susceptibility to RA is not due to a single HLA specificity but the effect of a group of related epitopes occurring in common among subtypes of DR4 as well as in some DR1 alleles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Abnormal styloid process in a human skull.

In a survey of 232 Indian human skulls, unusually long and stout, bilateral styloid processes were found in one of them. The length, thickness, the inter-styloid distance and the relations of the styloid processes to other associated structures at the base of the skull are discussed, highlighting the possible importance in clinical and surgical conditions.

Cadaver↗