Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to C C Draper.
A splenectomized aotus monkey infected with human quartan malaria (Plasmodium malariae) developed oedema and proteinuria. Histological examination revealed a generalized diffuse glomerulonephritis and immunofluorescent staining showed granular deposits of IgM in the glomeruli. The pathological picture resembled that shown by human patients with the quartan malaria nephrotic syndrome.
Two chimpanzees were given by mouth large numbers of viable oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii obtained from the faeces of experimentally infected cats. Before the experiment the first chimpanzee had a positive dye test reaction (1:250), an indication that it had undergone an earlier infection of toxoplasmosis; the serum antibody titres remained unchanged, no evidence of illness was found, and oocysts did not appear in its faeces during the subsequent six weeks. The second chimpanzee showed a negative dye test reaction before infection, and this converted to positive on the 7th day, rose to a peak on the 35th day, and remained high for six months. This animal appeared unwell during the first week, and on the 7th day its blood proved infective to mice; on the 40th day the lymph nodes became enlarged and biopsy specimens of a node and muscle in the 11th week were also infective to mice. No oocysts were passed in the faeces. The presumed cycle in the chimpanzee and in man and the relationships between Toxoplasma and Isospora are discussed.
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A study with RA 27/3 attenuated rubella virus vaccine (Plotkin strain) showed that this produced a significant antibody response in all of twenty-one vaccinated non-immune children without any appreciable marked clinical reactions. Serological examination of 53 non-immune and 29 immune siblings living in the same households failed to show any evidence of transmission of infection.
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Children in Lusaka and in a rural area in central Zambia were examined during November 1984 and April 1985 to assess the effect of urbanization on malaria transmission. Of 423 urban children examined in November, 2.4% had scanty parasitaemia, and low titres of malarial antibodies were found in 46%. These proportions increased in April to a parasite rate of 10.3% and malaria antibodies were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) in 62%. The presence of malaria antibodies was positively associated with journeys outside the main towns. Examination of paired sera from the 2 periods showed an association between a history of malaria and an increased antibody titre, but failed to show an association between travel outside the main towns and conversion from a negative to a positive IFAT. The spleen rate in children under 15 years old in Lusaka was 3%, indicating hypoendemic malaria. In rural children the parasite rate was 10% and 27% in the 2 seasons, respectively, and over 97% of the children had malaria antibodies. The spleen rate was 20%, indicating mesoendemic malaria. It is concluded that there is only low transmission of malaria in Lusaka so that many people do not develop resistance and are therefore at risk of severe attacks if they do become infected. Possible measures to protect the urban population are discussed.