Influence of refrain from breast feeding on acquisition of natural cytomegalovirus immunity in an endemic area of HTLV-I.
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Breast Feeding↗
Biomedical subjects
C Miyazaki
Publications and source records attributed to C Miyazaki.
Serological and clinical characteristics of measles vaccine failure in Japan.
In 1991, in Fukuoka, Japan, a measles outbreak occurred in which we observed 15 cases of measles vaccine failure (MVF). We examined these patients both clinically and serologically. Seven of them, with a response pattern of an early rise in and attainment of a high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titre, were considered to be secondary vaccine failures (EH group). Eight others showed a normal (relatively late rise and low titre) HI antibody response pattern and were considered to be primary vaccine failures (LL group). In both MVF groups, measles-specific IgM antibody was detected by enzyme immunoassay. The EH group had a milder rash than did the LL group and unvaccinated controls. We believe they had an immunological memory that modified the clinical manifestations of measles. Two cases of encephalitis were observed in the EH group; both patients recovered without sequelae. These data suggest that the mere presence or absence of IgM antibody is not sufficient to differentiate primary from secondary MVFs. A two-dose measles vaccination scheme should be recommended to secure a booster effect, because immunity is waning in the population in which the measles vaccination rate is not high enough and in which natural measles still exists.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Exanthem subitum and human herpesvirus 7 infection.
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Antibodies, Viral↗
[Erythema infectiosum].
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Diagnosis, Differential↗
Mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I): an extended follow-up study on children between 18 and 22-24 years old in Okinawa, Japan.
The significant difference observed between the seroprevalence of HTLV-I in adults and in children is as yet unexplained. To evaluate a hypothetical explanation of the existence of seroconversion cases of "seronegative carriers" for this phenomenon, 21 of 55 children who had been born to seropositive mothers and who remained seronegative until the age of 18 years were further followed up at the ages of 22 and/or 24 years. None of the 21 seronegative children born to seropositive mothers seroconverted, either at 22 years or at 24 years. In addition, the polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) technique could not prove the existence of the HTLV-I provirus genome in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 10 of these children. Our results fail to prove the possibility of viral latency of HTLV-I in mother-to-child transmission. Therefore, the hypothetical seroconversion of "seronegative carriers" after adulthood cannot be an explanation.
Adolescent↗
Frequent isolation of human herpesvirus 7 from saliva samples.
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) was isolated frequently from saliva specimens. The isolation rates were 81% (13/16) in adults, 70% (7/10) in children over 1 year old, and none (0/7) in children less than 1 year old, respectively, indicating that infection of HHV-7 occurs during early infancy and the virus shedding rate after infection is very high. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) was not isolated from saliva specimens although some studies on isolation of HHV-6 from saliva was reported previously.
Adult↗
Trans-activation and stable integration of the maize transposable element Ds cotransfected with the Ac transposase gene in transgenic rice plants.
To develop an efficient gene tagging system in rice, a plasmid was constructed carrying a non-autonomous maize Ds element in the untranslated leader sequence of a hygromycin B resistance gene fused with the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. This plasmid was cotransfected by electroporation into rice protoplasts together with a plasmid containing the maize Ac transposase gene transcribed from the 35S promoter. Five lines of evidence obtained from the analyses of hygromycin B-resistant calli, regenerated plants and their progeny showed that the introduced Ds was trans-activated by the Ac transposase gene in rice. (1) Cotransfection of the two plasmids is necessary for generation of hygromycin B resistant transformants. (2) Ds excision sites are detected by Southern blot hybridization. (3) Characteristic sequence alterations are found at Ds excision sites. (4) Newly integrated Ds is detected in the rice genome. (5) Generation of 8 bp target duplications is observed at the Ds integration sites on the rice chromosomes. Our results also show that Ds can be trans-activated by the transiently expressed Ac transposase at early stages of protoplast culture and integrated stably into the rice genome, while the cotransfected Ac transposase gene is not integrated. Segregation data from such a transgenic rice plant carrying no Ac transposase gene showed that four Ds copies were stably integrated into three different chromosomes, one of which also contained the functional hph gene restored by Ds excision. The results indicate that a dispersed distribution of Ds throughout genomes not bearing the active Ac transposase gene can be achieved by simultaneous transfection with Ds and the Ac transposase gene.
Base Sequence↗
Immunization of institutionalized asthmatic children and patients with psychomotor retardation using live attenuated cold-adapted reassortment influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and B vaccines.
Live attenuated cold-adapted reassortant (CR) influenza virus vaccines were evaluated in institutionalized asthmatic children and severe psychomotor-retarded (SPR) patients. Almost all the vaccinees were seropositive to the vaccine strains before immunization. Trivalent CR vaccine (containing A H1N1 (CR-125), A H3N2 (CR-149) and B (CRB-117)), bivalent CR vaccine (CR-125 and CR-149) and monovalent CRB-117 were inoculated to 19 asthmatic children and 36 and 16 SPR patients, respectively. Overall 49, 22, and 11% of vaccinees were infected by A H1N1, A H3N2 or B vaccine viruses, respectively, as indicated by significant haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre rises 4 weeks after inoculation. No severe adverse reactions associated with CR vaccination were observed in the handicapped patients. A nosocomial outbreak of influenza A H1N1 occurred in the ward with asthmatic children, but none of the 19 CR-trivalent vaccinees became infected. However, five of 20 non-vaccinees in the same ward, and ten of 30 vaccinees in another ward that received inactivated split vaccine became infected. The CR vaccines demonstrated significant protective effects against natural exposure to the A H1N1 virus, and were well tolerated and safe when given to patients with bronchial asthma and severe psychomotor retardation.
Adolescent↗
Exanthema subitum and human herpesvirus 6 infection: clinical observations in fifty-seven cases.
Exanthema subitum had been speculated to be a viral disease although its pathogen is unknown. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), first isolated in 1986, was proved by Yamanishi et al. to be the causal agent of exanthema subitum. To evaluate the role of HHV-6 as the causal agent in clinically diagnosed exanthema subitum, we tested for HHV-6 antibody in 57 infants with clinical exanthema subitum and exanthema subitum-like rash without fever. Of the 53 patients with clinical exanthema subitum 43 showed seroconversion or a significant rise in antibody titer to HHV-6, 7 were seropositive without significant rise and 3 remained seronegative. The clinical manifestations of these 43 infants with serologically confirmed HHV-6 infection were consistent with the classical characteristics of exanthema subitum. The 4 patients with atypical exanthema subitum showed significant rises in antibody titer. Our results therefore show that the majority of cases with typical clinical manifestations of exanthema subitum had HHV-6 infection. Most cases with HHV-6 infection had the typical clinical course of exanthema subitum, and a few cases might show an afebrile exanthema subitum-like rash.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Trivalent cold recombinant influenza live vaccine in institutionalized children with bronchial asthma and patients with psychomotor retardation.
Twenty asthmatic children and 48 patients with severe psychomotor retardation were inoculated intranasally with trivalent cold-adapted recombinant (CR) influenza vaccine containing CR-125 (H1N1), CR-159 (H3N2) and CRB-117 (B). The vaccinees were mostly seropositive. Severe adverse reactions or asthmatic attacks were not observed, but 7 (15%) of 48 vaccinees with severe psychomotor retardation developed mild to moderate fever. Significant antibody responses in hemagglutination-inhibition tests were demonstrated in 33 (49%) vaccinees to CR-125, 20 (29%) to CR-159 and 8 (12%) to CRB-117. Two nosocomial outbreaks of influenza were observed in the subsequent winter. During an outbreak with H3N2 in one ward of severe psychomotor retardation patients, 2 (11%) of 18 vaccinees became infected compared with 10 (48%) of 21 placebo controls in the same ward (P < 0.05). In the other outbreak, with influenza B virus, 2 (14%) of 14 vaccinees and 13 (52%) of 25 controls in the ward for asthmatic children were infected (P < 0.05). The results indicate that trivalent CR vaccine is safe and effective against nosocomial outbreaks of influenza.
Adolescent↗
A case of congenital herpes zoster.
A 5 day old girl was transferred to the pediatric ward of Kyushu University Hospital because of papules noted since birth. The papules were distributed on her skin corresponding to the dermatomes innervated by the left Th1-Th3 and the left L1-L3. Varicella-zoster virus antigens were detected in scrapings of incised papules. The diagnosis of herpes zoster was made and acyclovir (ACV) was administered. She responded to ACV well, but she experienced a recurrence twice after discontinuation of ACV. This is the first report of 'congenital herpes zoster', which supports the hypothesis that varicella embryopathy is the sequelae of herpes zoster in utero.
Acyclovir↗
Indium-111-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis.
A 54-yr-old woman with cutaneous nodules showed accumulation of 67Ga- and 111In-labeled leukocytes in skin nodules, bilateral pulmonary hilar lymph nodes and the right upper mediastinum. Biopsy of the skin nodule proved epithelioid cell granuloma with moderate lymphocyte infiltration peripherally consistent with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a potential pitfall in labeled leukocyte imaging, which is performed for detecting a febrile focus.
Female↗
Expression of a downstream gene from a bicistronic transcription unit in transgenic tobacco plants.
We have constructed a set of plasmids carrying an artificial compact stop-start codon sequence, TGATGTAACATGA, between an upstream open reading frame, terminating at one of the stop codons, and a downstream kanamycin-resistance (KmR)-encoding gene (nptII) initiating at the second ATG. These plasmids were introduced into tobacco protoplasts by direct gene transfer. The efficiency of expression of the downstream nptII gene was measured by scoring the number of KmR transformants. With a closer distance between the functional stop and start codons, a tendency to less efficient expression of nptII was found. The integration and expression of both genes as a bicistronic transcription unit were verified by Southern- and Northern-blot analyses. A possible application of the compact stop-start codon sequence for insertional mutagenesis is discussed.
Base Sequence↗
Attack rate of exanthem subitum in Japan.
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Exanthema Subitum↗
Immune status of children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Immunological parameters including serum IgG, IgA and IgM, lymphocyte phenotypes (CD3, CD4, CD8, HLA-DR+CD3-), natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation with phytohaemagglutinin were assessed in 10 children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 10 control subjects. Live vaccines were injected into 6 of the 10 children on CAPD (4 had a combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the other 2 mumps vaccine). Serum antibody titres to these viruses were measured before and after vaccination. The serum IgG level was statistically lower in the CAPD group than in the control group (P less than 0.01), but there was no difference in the percentage of HLA-DR+CD3- cells and in the ratio of CD4 to CD8 between the two groups. There were no differences in the other parameters between the two groups. All of the 6 vaccinated children seroconverted, and serious side effects were not noted. Our results suggest that children on CAPD have no significant immune impairment.
Adolescent↗
The inflammatory cytokines in measles: correlation between serum interferon-gamma levels and lymphocyte subpopulations.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1 beta), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) were measured in serum from children with measles using an immunoradiometric assay. The IFN-gamma level was increased in 52 out of 54 patients in the acute phase of measles (less than 7 days of illness), and then declined to an undetectable level in the convalescent phase. Neither IL-1 nor TNF could be detected during the course of the illness. The mean serum IFN-gamma level was at its peak on day 4 and could be detected over a 7-day period after the onset of fever, coinciding with the febrile period (6.9 +/- 1.5 days). In the acute phase, the phytohaemagglutinin responses, absolute number of platelets, total lymphocyte counts, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cell counts and the CD4/8 ratio were depressed, while stab cell number and lactate dehydrogenase levels were higher than those in the convalescent phase. Using Spearman rank sum test, the IFN-gamma level was correlated negatively with the peripheral lymphocyte (P less than 0.01), CD3+ (P less than 0.05), CD4+ (P less than 0.05) cell counts and the CD4/8 ratio (P less than 0.05) and correlated positively with the stab cell count (P less than 0.01) but not with any other parameter. When the acute phase findings were compared between 28 complicated and 40 uncomplicated patients, the former were younger (P less than 0.01) and had higher maximum body temperature during the illness (P less than 0.05) than the latter, there was no difference in their IFN-gamma levels. These results show that endogenous IFN-gamma appears in the circulation during the acute febrile phase of measles, but does not contribute directly to any complication of the disease.
Acute Disease↗
Pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 11.
Among a group of hospitalized children in Fukuoka, southern Japan, an epidemic of pharyngoconjunctival fever-like disease caused by adenovirus type 11 was observed in the autumn of 1988. Of the 47 children studied 38 were seronegative in neutralizing antibody for adenovirus type 11 before the epidemic, and seroconversion occurred in 16 (42%) including 5 subclinical cases. Of the 11 symptomatic patients the incidences of conjunctivitis, pharyngitis and fever were 91, 64 and 46%, respectively. Four patients (36%) had all three symptoms. Fifteen patients (94%) were boys. The sex predominance and high incidence of conjunctivitis suggested that infection may have been transmitted in the large bathroom where boys took baths together.
Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
The measles outbreak in Chikuhou District, Fukuoka, Japan, 1990: correlation between herd immunity level and outbreak size.
A measles outbreak occurred in the Chikuhou district of Fukuoka, Japan from May to October 1990, during which 71 patients were cared for at the Itoda Public Hospital. Hospital records revealed a large outbreak in the adjacent town of Kanada. In order to characterize the outbreak, questionnaires were sent to all preschool-age children in Itoda (73% effective response) and in Kanada (76% effective response) requesting information about their vaccination and/or history of measles. The number of patients was 22 (4%) in Itoda and 63 (14%) in Kanada, most of these being preschoolers, while the vaccination rate was 61% and 44%, respectively. The herd immunity levels in age-specific groups were compared between the two towns. Before the epidemic, the immunity level of 1 year old children in Kanada, who showed the higher attack rate, was lower (18%) than that in Itoda (39%), while after the epidemic it rose above 60% in both towns. When we studied the correlation between the attack rate and the vaccination rate, or the number of children susceptible to measles (susceptibility rate) in each preschool, the attack rate correlated negatively with the vaccination rate (correlation coefficient [CC] = -0.818; P less than 0.01), and positively with the susceptibility rate (CC 0.860; P less than 0.01). The regressed equation on the correlation indicated that the immunity level should be more than 70% to keep the attack rate under 5% in preschools. After the epidemic, the immunity levels of all preschoolers reached above 70%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Age Factors↗