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D Avnir

Publications and source records attributed to D Avnir.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Pharmacokinetic analysis of diethylcarbonate prodrugs of ibuprofen and naproxen.

The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen diethylcarbonate (ibudice) and naproxen diethythylcarbonate (napdice), two new diethylcarbonate prodrugs of ibuprofen and naproxen, was investigated in dogs. The rationale for the development of ibudice and napdice was that esterification of the carboxylic moiety of the parent compounds would suppress gastrotoxicity without adversely affecting their anti-inflammatory activity. In addition the biotransformation of the prodrugs to the parent compounds may be utilized to achieve rate and time controlled drug delivery of the active entities. Following oral administration the diethylcarbonate esters were rapidly biotransformed to the parent compounds and no ibudice or napdice was detected in the plasma. The relative bioavailability of ibuprofen and naproxen, following oral administration of ibudice and napdice, was 96% and 74%, respectively, and the rate of absorption was not significantly different from that obtained following oral dosing of the parent compound. Stability studies in gastric and intestinal juice showed that, unlike napdice, ibudice was stable in gastric juice, with both prodrugs undergoing rapid biotransformation to their parent compounds in intestinal juice. This rapid conversion led to the lack of sustained release performance following oral administration of ibudice or napidice.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Use of fractal geometry to determine effects of surface morphology on drug dissolution.

We extend and modify the Noyes-Whitney equation and the Hixon-Crowell cube root law to include surface roughness effects on the dissolution rate of drugs. The problem is treated theoretically in terms of the fractal reaction dimension, DR, of the effective surface which undergoes dissolution. Effects of changes in DR on the dissolution rate are identified and explained.

Mathematics↗
PubMed1992

Properties of trypsin and of acid phosphatase immobilized in sol-gel glass matrices.

Trypsin and acid phosphatase-containing silica sol-gel glasses were obtained by mixing a solution of an enzyme with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and tetramethoxy orthosilicate at room temperature, followed by gelation and drying. Activity of the immobilized trypsin toward small substrates, such as N-benzoyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide at its Km, for the best preparations equaled that of the soluble enzyme. Polylysine (M(r) less than or equal to 13,000) and aprotinin (M(r) = 6,500) inhibited this activity. Larger polylysines as well as soybean trypsin inhibitor (M(r) = 20,100) were ineffective. The sol-gel-entrapped trypsin activity was stable when sol-gel glasses were incubated at ambient temperature (pH 7.5) for several months. In comparison, trypsin, immobilized in sol-gel glass by surface adsorption and incubated under the same conditions overnight, was completely autodigested. The firm interaction between the protein molecules and the silica matrix stabilized the enzymes. Thus, the half-life of sol-gel-entrapped acid phosphatase at 70 degrees C (pH 8.0) was two orders of magnitude larger than that of the enzyme in solution. Transparent, mechanically and chemically stable bioactive sol-gel glasses may be used for the development of robust on-line biochemical photodetection sensors and for the purposes of chemical catalysis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Spatial dissipative structures formed by spontaneous molecular aggregation at interfaces.

Interfacial processes as well as formation of dissipative structures have been suggested to play a key role in early pre-biotic evolutionary stages, mainly due to the ability of such processes to induce aggregation and spatial structuring. In this context we would like to draw attention to our recent findings regarding a remarkably wide collection of interfacial chemical reactions which form dissipative spatial structures. Three types of interfacial processes were found to yield this phenomenon: photochemical oxidations at liquid/air and liquid/liquid interfaces; gas/solution reactions; and reactions at membrane surfaces. The phenomenon we describe is the first major example of a network of chemical reactions that develop into macroscopic far-from-equilibrium concentration patterns.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1979

Mutagenicity of phenanthrene and phenanthrene K-region derivatives.

Phenanthrene and 9 K-region derivatives, most of them potential metabolites of phenanthrene, were tested for mutagenicity by the reversion of histidine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 and the rec assay with Bacillus subtilis H17 and M45. The strongest mutagenic effects in the reversion assay were observed with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and N-benzyl-phenanthrene-9,10-imine. Interestingly, the mutagenic potency of the arene imine was similar to that of the corresponding arene oxide. This is the first report on the mutagenicity of arene imine. The mutagenic effects of all these phenanthrene derivatives were much weaker than that of the positive control benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide. Even weaker mutagenicty was found with cis-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and with trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9-10-dihydrophenanthrene. The other derivatives were inactive in this test. However, 9-10-dihydroxyphenanthrene and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were more toxic to the rec- B. subtilis M45 strain than to the rec+ H17 strain. This was also true for phenanthrene 9,10-oxide and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, but not with the other test compounds that reverted (9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes; N-benzyl-phenanthrene 9,10-imine; benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide) or did not revert (phenanthrene, 9,10-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, 9-10-diacetoxyphenanthrene) the Salmonella tester strains. Although the K region is a main site of metabolism and although all potential K-region metabolites were mutagenic, phenanthrene did not show a mutagenic effect in the presence of mouse-liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system under standard conditions. However, uhen epoxide hydratase was inhibited, phenanthrene was activated to a mutagen that reverted his- S. typhimurium. This shows that demonstration of the mutagenic activity of metabolites together with the knowledge that a major metabolic route proceeds via these metabolites dose not automatically imply a mutagenic hazard of the mother compound, because the metabolites in question may not accumulate in sufficient quantities and therefore the presence and relative activities of enzymes that control the mutagenically active metabolites are crucial. N-Benzyl-phenanthrene 9.10-imine was mutagenic for the episome-containing S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 but not for the precursor strains TA1538 and TA1535. This arene imine would therefore be useful as a positive control during routine testing to monitor in the former strains the presence of the episome which is rather easily lost.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗