Non-dipping in diabetic patients: insights from the siesta.
Non-dipping, ie failure to lower blood pressure during sleep, has been found to be more prevalent in diabetic than in non-diabetic subjects. However, the reasons remain to be clarified. Diabetic patients may wake up more frequently during the night (for instance, due to nocturia). This may result in inclusion of awake blood pressure measurements in the night-time average and thus erroneously raise this average, causing misclassification of patients as non-dippers. However, non-dipping in diabetes may be due to blunted effect of sleep itself on blood pressure secondary to autonomic neuropathy. We undertook this study in order to further clarify this question. We studied 23 diabetic patients, and 23 matched controls who underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and reported taking an afternoon nap. Afternoon nap, by virtue of its short duration, is devoid of interruptions, and thus can be used as a model for tiled, non-interrupted sleep. We found that, both in diabetic patients and controls, blood pressure declined during the afternoon nap in a similar magnitude to the night-time decline. However, this decline was significantly blunted in the diabetic patients (13.9 +/- 2.2% decline in diastolic blood pressure during naptime in the diabetic patients, as compared with 24 +/- 2.3% decline in diastolic blood pressure during the siesta in the control group, P < 0.02). The blunted decline of blood pressure during the nap in diabetic patients demonstrates that non-dipping is due to the blunted effect of sleep itself. This can be another facet of autonomic dysfunction seen in diabetes mellitus.