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Biomedical subjects

D D Simpson

Publications and source records attributed to D D Simpson.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Alcohol and illicit drug use: follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971.

The present study was based on follow-up data on 1409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The study focused on variations in alcohol consumption associated with post-DARP drug use and treatment status. The results indicated that use of alcohol and non-opioid drugs (particularly marijuana) tended to be correlated, but that this was not true of opioid drugs. For a small segment of the sample, evidence suggested that substitution of use may have occurred between alcohol and opioid drugs. Also, persons with post-DARP drug treatment tended to use less alcohol than persons without treatment. Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Illicit drug use and return to treatment: follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971.

The present study was based on follow-up data on 1,409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatments in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The focus of this study was on illicit drug use of former DARP clients, taking into account if and when they reentered drug treatment after termination of DARP treatment. The results showed that a significant drop in opioid and nonopioid (but not marijuana) drug use generally occurred upon entry into other, post-DARP treatments, and that these beneficial effects of treatment tended to continue beyond the end of treatment. Overall, 42% of the sample had no further drug treatment during the first 3 years after DARP, and almost half (42%) of this group used no opioid or nonopioid drugs at all during this time. Comparisons between DARP treatment groups also indicated that therapeutic community clients had the lowest rate of return to post-DARP treatments.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1976

Rapid puffing as a treatment component of a community smoking program.

Twenty-six persons participated in a community smoking program, which required a $40 contribution to the sponsoring health organization and a $25 refundable deposit. Clients were assigned to one of two treatment groups; one involved group discussion and rapid puffing, and the other involved group discussion only. The number of cigarettes smoked before treatment and one week, two months, and five months after treatment were determined for each client. Smoking decreased substantially following treatment in both groups and did not differ significantly between the groups across the follow-up periods. Females, however, showed significantly greater relapse in smoking following treatment than did males. Overall, approximately 15% of the clients in each group were abstinent five months after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Specificity of finger pulse volume feedback during relaxation.

The effect of biofeedback during brief periods of relaxation was examined. Two groups (10 subjects in each group) were asked to relax as completely as possible during a series of six 3-minute relaxation periods in each of two 1-hr sessions. One group received biofeedback based on finger pulse volume (FPV) during the relaxation trials, while the other group received no biofeedback. Measures of heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance level, and FPV were recorded during the sessions, and subjective ratings concerning relaxation were obtained after each session. The results showed that FPV scores for the groups differed during the relaxation trials of the second session, but other measures failed to distinguish between the groups. The group that received FPV feedback revealed a significantly higher level of FPV (relative to baseline) than the group that received no feedback.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A national follow-up study to evaluate the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a report on cohort 1 of the DARP five years later.

Preliminary findings for the first cohort of a national follow-up study of drug users admitted to treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) during 1969-1971 are reported. From a sample of 1,853 selected for follow-up, 87% were located and interviews were completed for 77%. Gross tabulations are shown comparing several outcome measures based on pre-DARP treatment, the posttreatment period, and for the 2 months before interview. Sixty-one percent of all patients returned to treatment at some time after DARP termination. Decreases in drug use, expecially of opioids, were substantial and were generally accompanied by improvements in other outcome measures as well. Plans for more detailed and informative analysis of these and related DARP data are addressed.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1976

Demographic characteristics of groups classified by patterns of multiple drug abuse: a 1969-1971 sample.

Patient characteristics are described in relation to pretreatment usage combinations of eight classes of illicit drugs for 11,380 drug abusers admitted between 1969 and 1971 to drug treatment centers participating in the NIDA-TCU Drug Abuse Reporting Program. From these data, nine basic patterns of drug use were defined. The most frequent, involving the daily use of heroin or other opioids only, characterized 27% of the patients. Four patterns involving heroin (at least weekly) with various combinations of cocaine, barbiturates, and marijuana accounted for another 29%, two patterns of polydrug use (three or more nonopioid drugs, with and without opioids daily) included 16%, and the remaining 28% of the patients were represented by patterns of a less specific nature. The distribution of patients across drug-use patterns was unrelated to sex, but was associated with race-ethnic background and age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in community drug treatment programs during 1970-1973.

Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in 52 community treatment programs in a national reporting network were compared for 3 consecutive years. The greatest proportion of patients in the base samples were male, 21 to 25 years old, black, and in MM programs. The 275 patients in the deceased sample presented essentially the same profile, with the exception that the older patients were more highly represented among the deceased. Death rates were particularly high during each year for patients over 30 years old. Over the 3 years, death rates increased for whites, addicts 21 to 25 years old, and patients in outpatient DF programs. Consistent decreases in rates each year were found for blacks, patients in the 26 to 30 age range, and patients in MM programs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethnicity and the effects of mapping-enhanced drug abuse counseling.

It was hypothesized that node-link mapping a tool for visually representing client issues during drug abuse counseling, would reduce communication barriers between counselors and their African American and Mexican American clients. Three hundred twenty daily opioid users participated in methadone maintenance treatment programs in three cities for 6 months or longer following random assignments to mapping-enhanced or standard counseling. Clients in the mapping condition had fewer drug-positive urines (with respect to opiates and cocaine), missed fewer scheduled counseling sessions, and were rated more positively by their counselors on rapport, motivation, and self-confidence during the first 6 months of treatment. Significant interactions involving ethnicity and counseling condition suggested that mapping is more effective for African Americans and Mexican Americans than for Whites. The use of mapping appears to help reduce cultural, racial, and class communication barriers by providing a visual supplement and a common language that enhances counselor-client interchanges.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A visual representation system for drug abuse counselors.

Node-link mapping is a technique that consists of drawing spatial-verbal displays to visually represent interrelationships between ideas, feelings, facts, and experiences. These multirelational maps are drawn during ongoing counseling sessions to represent a variety of personal and nonpersonal topics. This article provides an overview of this technique, including rationale, related and supporting research, and an example of its use during counseling. In addition, this article describes the potential impacts of mapping and comments on practical considerations related to the effective use of this tool in drug abuse counseling.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of an AIDS intervention program during drug abuse treatment.

Since 1985, many drug abuse treatment centers and health care providers have implemented special education programs for individuals who inject drugs. They focus primarily on increasing awareness of the threat of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) being spread through drug injection equipment and by sexual activities. As part of the Drug Abuse Treatment for AIDS-Risk Reduction (DATAR) project, the AIDS/HIV Risk Reduction Module was designed to meet these special intervention needs. This study examined program impact on 110 methadone treatment clients. Results indicated that for those in treatment less than 4 months, the AIDS intervention program enhanced specialized knowledge about AIDS, aided in the reduction of AIDS-risky behaviors, and enhanced attitudes toward achieving and maintaining abstinence from drug use. Thus, AIDS education and intervention programs appear to be effective and should be emphasized in the early phase of drug abuse treatment.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A simple reinforcement system for methadone clients in a community-based treatment program.

Clients in a community-based methadone treatment program earned stars for attending counseling sessions as scheduled and for providing clean urines. These stars were later redeemed for contingent rewards (food or gas coupons or bus tokens) according to one of three randomly assigned reward schedules, including high reward (four stars per prize), low reward (eight stars per prize), or delayed reward (those who had to wait 3 months to earn a prize). Clients in the high-reward condition showed a pattern of increasing the number of stars earned for group sessions and clean urines across the 3-month intervention. All clients, independent of reward condition, attended significantly more group counseling sessions during the months that contingent reinforcers were available than in the months prior to, and after, the intervention. Finally, urinalysis data indicated that, in the postintervention period, high-reward clients had fewer dirty urines than did low-reward or delayed-reward clients. This study suggests that a simple system of recognizing client progress with stars and modest prizes for performing specific behaviors can be an effective tool in increasing clinic attendance rates and reducing positive urines.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heavy drinking, alcohol-dependent vs. nondependent methadone-maintenance clients: a follow-up study.

This study of methadone-maintenance clients interviewed approximately 1 year after discharge from treatment revealed that outcomes differed between heavy-drinking clients who are alcohol dependent and those who are not. Alcohol-dependent clients seem to benefit more from treatment but continue to have severe cocaine-use problems, suggesting they also may be cocaine dependent. The results emphasized the value in differentiating between these types of drinking clients, and they suggest that failure to do so may account for earlier contradictory results about the role alcohol consumption has in treatment outcomes for methadone-maintenance clients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrative modeling of client engagement and outcomes during the first 6 months of methadone treatment.

Integrative models containing client and treatment components were tested in a sample of 396 daily opioid users from three methadone maintenance treatment sites. Measures included client motivation at intake as well as repeated assessments of therapeutic engagement (relationships between clients and their counselors, session attendance, and results of urine testing) during the first 6 months of treatment. There was a positive effect of pretreatment motivation on greater engagement and a reciprocal positive relationship between components of engagement and their effects on lowering drug use throughout treatment. Further analyses addressed differential effects of group versus individual counseling and showed that group session attendance was associated with higher rates of drug-negative urines.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug treatment process indicators for probationers and prediction of recidivism.

Research has shown that substance abuse treatment is associated with reduced criminal activity as well as reduced drug use. An increasingly important aspect of treatment evaluation, however, is understanding more about the therapeutic process involved. Based on a sample of 279 probationers assigned to residential treatment for drug use problems, the purpose of this study is to examine several elements of treatment process and how they influence recidivism. Rearrest rate during a 2-year follow-up study period was 36%, and survival analysis showed it was directly related to poorer during-treatment ratings by probationers of self-esteem, counselor competence, and peer support from others in the treatment program. These were better predictor measures than background and demographic characteristics generally used in other studies, suggesting the role of therapeutic engagement in the recovery process.

Adolescent↗