Effect of monoclonal antibodies to defined regions of tropoelastin on elastogenesis in vitro.
Primary cultures of chick embryo aorta cells were grown for one week in the presence of mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against defined regions of chick tropoelastin. This treatment did not significantly alter cell proliferation, cell viability and incorporation of labeled amino acids into total protein or tropoelastin compared with control cultures in which antibodies were either omitted or substituted with an unrelated monoclonal antibody. Tropoelastin-reactive material in the cell layer was revealed by immunologic staining with rabbit antibodies against the chick protein both at the optical and ultrastructural level. Immunofluorescence of control cultures showed that tropoelastin was incorporated into thin and straight fibrils which were sometimes associated with spot-like elements. In the electron microscope tropoelastin-reactive sites were found mainly on the amorphous core of typical, small elastic fibers. The morphological picture of tropoelastin deposits in cultures exposed to anti-tropoelastin monoclonal antibodies depended on the molecular form (whole antibody or Fab fragments) and the binding specificity of the antibody used. Although alterations common to different antibodies were observed, the main structural features were peculiar for each antibody. Two antibodies which bound epitopes present in two regions of tropoelastin grossly altered the formation of amorphous elastin. Moreover, two antibodies directed against the region of tropoelastin containing the polypentapeptide-repeat (VPGVG)n stimulated the deposition of the protein into the amorphous core of normal-looking elastic fibers and disorganized the compact bundles of parallel microfibrils seen in controls. Finally, one antibody which recognized a unique epitope close to the carboxy-terminal end of tropoelastin and Fab fragments from all antibodies apparently inhibited the formation of the amorphous nuclei of elastic fibers, but not the association of tropoelastin with microfibrils. The data suggest that the association of tropoelastin molecules during fiber assembly is not random, but follows an ordered alignment process which the antibodies alter by imposing a different molecular packing.