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Biomedical subjects

D F Kinane

Publications and source records attributed to D F Kinane.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Comparative efficacy of the standard flossing procedure and a new floss applicator in reducing interproximal bleeding: a short-term study.

This was a parallel stratified study which examined the effect on gingival health of a new floss holder and applicator, designed to deliver a 25 microliters dose of 0.1% chlorhexidine solution to each interdental embrasure during the flossing procedure. Fifty-two patients with simple chronic gingivitis were stratified according to age, sex, and baseline interdental bleeding score and then assigned to one of three treatment groups. One of the following interdental cleaning agents was used once daily during a 2-week period: conventional floss; a flossing device with chlorhexidine; or a flossing device with placebo solution. Gingival health was assessed using the interdental bleeding index (IBI); i.e., the ratio of bleeding sites to the number of sites tested by stimulation with an interdental cleaner. The percentage reduction in bleeding amounted to 38.3% for conventional floss, 51.5% for the flossing device with chlorhexidine, and 51.4% for the flossing device with placebo. The reductions in both flossing device groups were significantly greater than that of the conventional floss group as determined by one-way ANOVA (F = 4.0; P = 0.024) and multiple range tests. There were no statistically significant differences between the two flossing device groups. There was no difference in patients' perception of ease of use of their respective materials; however, 72% of chlorhexidine users and 94% of placebo users, but only 24% of conventional floss users, felt that their interdental cleaning regimens left their mouths feeling fresher. It is therefore postulated that the pleasant tasting spray may have been an important stimulus to extended use of the new device and may explain its greater effectiveness.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Langerhans cell dynamics in human gingiva during experimentally induced inflammation.

The changes in the number of Langerhans cells within the gingiva during a 21 day experimental gingivitis episode were investigated immunohistochemically. Monoclonal antibodies to CD1a (specific for Langerhans cells and thymocytes) and HLA-DR (class II major histocompatibility antigens - (MHC)) were used to identify Langerhans cells within gingival biopsies taken on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. HLA-DR antibody stained dendritic cells within the oral epithelium which were morphologically identical to the CD1a+ Langerhans cells. Class II MHC LC numbers rose and plateaued between day 7 and 14 then decreased to baseline by day 21. As plaque accumulated and initial inflammation developed there was an increase in the number of CD1a+ Langerhans cells which peaked at day 7 and stayed high (day 14). As inflammation developed there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of CD1a+ Langerhans cells by day 21 (p = 0.028). The initial increase, followed by a decrease in CD1a+ Langerhans cells as inflammation developed, suggests that migration of Langerhans cells occurs within the gingival epithelium and this may represent an important early event in the gingival immune response to plaque.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1992

Metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

Matrix metalloproteinases are produced by both defense and structural cells of the periodontium. They are capable of a wide range of interstitial tissue degradation activities. Complex regulating mechanisms include cytokine regulation of genetic transcription, secretion in latent form, which requires activation once produced, and inhibition by specific inhibitors. It appears that these proteinases and their inhibitors, regulating molecules, and associated genetic material are all potential diagnostic markers of periodontal disease. In addition, they can be measured from gingival crevicular fluid or whole saliva. Generally, high inhibitor levels indicate health, and high levels of metalloproteinase indicate disease. Metalloproteinases can also be inhibited by the tetracycline family of drugs to produce clinical benefits. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of matrix metalloproteinases and their central role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease serve to emphasize their importance to periodontologists.

Doxycycline↗
PubMed1991

Gingival health associated with porcelain veneers on maxillary incisors.

The possible detrimental effect of acid-etched resin-bonded prostheses and porcelain veneers on plaque accumulation and gingival health is currently disputed. Some workers recommend no tooth preparation prior to veneering whilst others recommend tooth preparation to prevent adverse gingival soft tissue reactions. In order to test the possible gingival effects of veneers placed without tooth preparation, this study was set up to compare gingival health on veneered and non-veneered maxillary incisors within the same individual during periods of normal tooth cleaning and of no tooth cleaning. No significant differences were noted in plaque or gingival indices, or in gingival crevicular fluid volume, between the 72 veneered and non-veneered sites during either study period. The results of this study suggest that placing porcelain veneers on unprepared teeth does not increase the risk of gingivitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cross-sectional assessment of caries and periodontitis risk within the same subject.

Dental caries and chronic periodontitis may be synergistically associated, negatively associated, or completely independent. The present report examines this relationship by comparing the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis and caries within the same individual. From an 800-patient sample, a periodontitis risk score was derived by radiographic assessment of bone loss in quarters of optimum bone height and obtaining for each subject a mean score based on all measurable surfaces. Similarly the caries risk was determined radiographically from the total decayed and filled teeth (DFT), as a percentage of the total teeth measured. The Mantel-Haenszel technique was used for analysis of the relationship between periodontitis and caries and data was stratified on four categories of age, sex, and numbers of teeth present. This analysis revealed no systematic patterns, indicating that the risks of caries and periodontal diseases are unrelated (chi 2 = 0.00; 1 df; P greater than 0.50). In addition, a regression analysis, which was controlled for sex and age, indicated a marked lack of association between caries and periodontitis (P = 0.94). Thus, although these common diseases share putative etiologic factors such as oral hygiene practices and dental attendance pattern, the major risk factors are probably quite different.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Langerhans cells in human chronic gingivitis and phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia.

Langerhans cell numbers in oral epithelium increase as dental plaque accumulates. The anti-convulsant drug phenytoin predisposes to gingival hyperplasia in certain patients who take this medication for epilepsy and who also have poor oral hygiene. In this study 7 patients with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia were compared with 5 subjects with chronic marginal gingivitis. On initial examination and on completion of the hygiene phase of periodontal therapy (a period ranging from 3.0 to 4.25 months), clinical indices of plaque and gingivitis were recorded and biopsies were taken from the lower anterior labial gingiva. Frozen sections were stained by an immunoperoxidase technique using the monoclonal antibody OKT6, and the number of Langerhans cells in a defined cross-sectional area was counted. In phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia there was a marked increase in Langerhans cells (13.8 +/- 0.45) when compared with chronic gingivitis (7.7 +/- 0.31; p less than 0.05). Both groups showed marked reductions in their plaque and gingival indices and numbers of Langerhans cells once treatment had been completed. However, levels of Langerhans cells in the drug-induced hyperplasia remained significantly higher (3.5 +/- 0.26) than in chronic gingivitis (1.5 +/- 0.22; p less than 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The 'high risk' group in periodontitis.

The high risk concept of periodontitis incorporates the theory that multiple tooth loss from periodontal disease affects a relatively small proportion of the population. This paper reviews and extends the evidence for such a concept by describing the occurrence and distribution of advanced bone loss in a Glasgow population of 800 dental out-patients. In common with other published studies of attachment loss or periodontal bone destruction, advanced bone loss was highly prevalent, affecting 54.1% of 50- to 73-year-olds. However, in parallel with other investigations, a small but with age increasing minority of patients accounted for most of the bone destruction. For example, in the 50- to 73-year-old age group, 28% of patients accounted for 75% of the advanced bone loss seen in that group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Non-secretion of blood group antigens and susceptibility to infection by Candida species.

One of the innate defences against superficial infections by Candida species appears to be the ability of an individual to secrete the water-soluble form of his ABO blood group antigens into body fluids. There was a significantly higher number of non-secretors (48.9%) among 174 patients with either oral or vaginal candida infections compared with the proportion of non-secretors in the local population (26.6%). The protective effect afforded by the secretor gene might be due to the ability of glycocompounds in the body fluids of secretors to inhibit adhesins on the surface of the yeast. In attachment studies, preincubation of blastospores with boiled secretor saliva significantly reduced their ability to bind to epithelial cells. Non-secretor saliva did not reduce the binding and often enhanced the numbers of attached yeasts. Possible host-parasite interactions underlying the susceptibility of non-secretors to candida and other infections are discussed.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1989

Neutrophil chemotactic behaviour in patients with early-onset forms of periodontitis (I). Leading front analysis in Boyden chambers.

Despite some reports to the contrary, it is generally assumed that early-onset forms of periodontal disease (including both juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis) are associated with a defect in neutrophil (PMN) chemotactic behaviour. Using the Boyden chamber technique and N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP) to assess locomotion by the leading front method, we have failed to show any evidence for such depressed PMN locomotion. Indeed, when PMN chemotaxis and chemokinesis are considered in response to a range of chemoattractant doses our results indicate significant enhancement of all but random locomotion. When taken together with other studies, our results suggest that PMNs from patients with early-onset periodontitis may show abnormal locomotory behaviour which can either be enhanced or reduced in nature. The extent to which these results reflect in vitro methodology in uncertain and, furthermore, their in vivo significance is unclear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Neutrophil chemotactic behaviour in patients with early-onset forms of periodontitis (II). Assessment using the under agarose technique.

The locomotory behaviour of peripheral blood neutrophils (PMNs) from patients with juvenile (JP) and rapidly progressive (RPP) forms of early-onset periodontal disease was studied using the under agarose technique and n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) as the chemotractant. PMNs from experimental patients showed normal random, chemotactic and chemokinetic locomotory behaviour when compared with control subjects. Further investigation of single-cell movements using time-lapse video analysis also failed to show any significant differences in locomotory behaviour between the PMNs of experimental and control individuals. We conclude that differences in technique may account for much of the variation which exists in the literature with respect to PMN locomotion in periodontal disease. In the final analysis, it is difficult to dispute direct observation of moving cells, and using this approach, we have been unable to confirm the presence of any PMN locomotory defect in our series of patients with early-onset periodontal disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Depressed helper-to-suppressor T-cell ratios in early-onset forms of periodontal disease.

Helper (CD4+)-to-suppressor (CD8+) T-cell ratios were determined by flow cytometry for 12 patients with early-onset forms of periodontal disease and their appropriate controls. When considered as a group, patients with early-onset periodontal disease showed a markedly depressed CD4+/CD8+ ratio relative to controls (means 0.92 and 1.50 respectively). This difference was significant at the 0.0015% level as determined by the Mann-Whitney test. Separate analysis of patients with either the juvenile or rapidly progressive types of early-onset periodontal disease showed both to have reduced CD4+/CD8+ ratios (means 0.91 and 0.92) relative to their controls (means 1.57 and 1.45) which were both statistically significant (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Lipopolysaccharide structure and serum sensitivity of non-serogroupable Neisseria meningitidis.

Bactericidal activities of normal human serum for non-serogroupable strains of Neisseria meningitidis were determined. In similar experiments with isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from localized infections, strains with group I lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were uniformly serum resistant and those with group II were serum sensitive. We found no similar association between serum sensitivity of the meningococcal strains and their lipopolysaccharide groups determined by the same pyocin typing system used to classify the gonococcal isolates. Immune mouse sera raised against non-serogroupable meningococci of either LPS group I or II were bactericidal for non-serogroupable strains of the same LPS group and also cross-reactive for strains of the opposite group. They were not bactericidal for the majority (13/17) of the serogroupable strains tested. These findings suggest there are antigens, in addition to the LPS and capsules, that elicit some of the "natural" bactericidal antibodies to pathogenic meningococci.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Absence of bactericidal antibodies against Group-I lipopolysaccharide determinants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae during human infection.

None of 34 sera from patients with gonorrhoea contained antibodies bactericidal for strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with Group-I lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All contained antibodies against a strain with Group-II LPS, as do sera from uninfected controls. The absence of Group I-LPS antibodies in infected humans contrasts with previous findings that mice immunised with strains from either of the LPS groups produced bactericidal antibody to Group I. Our hope that detection of antibodies to Group-I strains would provide a screening test for gonorrhoea was, therefore, not realised.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1984

Binding of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by lectin-like receptors on human phagocytes.

The adherence of gonococci to phagocytes was examined for the presence of "lectin-like" receptors capable of binding these bacteria. The data suggests such "lectin-like" receptors are present on PMN and monocytes that recognize sugars present in the gonococcal cell wall and that there are quantitative and qualitative differences in expression of these receptors. These findings may have importance in investigation of the interaction of gonococci with phagocytes and with the subsequent induction of immunity in the disease.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1984

Host-parasite interactions influencing establishment of gonococcal infection--a paradox resolved?

This study indicates that the gonococcal strains of lipopolysaccharide group (II) most frequently isolated from localized infections have a growth advantage over strains of group I. Their increased association with neutrophil polymorphs and their susceptibility to lysis by normal human serum would seem to act to the disadvantage of the bacteria. Our findings taken together with the cytotoxic effect of gonococci on neutrophil polymorphs offer an explanation for this apparent paradox.

Cytotoxins↗