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Biomedical subjects

D J Rowe

Publications and source records attributed to D J Rowe.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The clinical use and measurement of theophylline.

This report reviews the clinical use, metabolism and toxicity of theophylline (Section 1). Current chromatographic and immunoassay methods for theophylline measurement are discussed and practical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography are described (Section 2). Results from the UK National scheme for theophylline quality control and from an experiment to investigate the degree of interference by 1,7-dimethylxanthine in routine assays for theophylline are discussed in Section 3.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Retinol binding protein as a small molecular weight marker of renal tubular function in diabetes mellitus.

A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement in urine of retinol-binding protein (alpha 2-microglobulin) and used as an index of renal tubular function in adult Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetics and to define reference ranges in non-diabetic controls. There was a significantly greater excretion (P less than 0.001) of retinol-binding protein in the diabetic group compared to the controls in both overnight and daytime samples. There was a weak positive correlation with albumin excretion (r = 0.33; P less than 0.01) but no correlation with HbA1, duration of diabetes or arterial blood pressure. The results indicate that retinol-binding protein excretion may be increased in diabetic subjects without increased albumin excretion. The possibility therefore exists that renal tubular damage may occur early in diabetic nephropathy without apparent glomerular dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Diurnal stage of circadian rhythm of plasma zinc in healthy and psoriatic volunteers.

The characteristics of circadian variation of human plasma zinc concentrations in health and psoriasis are compared by the cosinor method. Sequential measurements of plasma zinc were performed at 0800 (fasting), 1000 (1 hr after breakfast), 1330 (1 hr after lunch), and 1900 (1 hr after supper) on groups of 20 patients with psoriasis, a disorder in which zinc metabolism may be disturbed, and 16 clinically healthy individuals. The limited sampling notwithstanding, groups showed a statistically significant circadian rhythm when analyzed by the cosinor method with the least-squares fit of a 24-hr cosine curve. The rhythm's timing in the clinically healthy group was similar to that derived by the same cosinor method from much denser series (covering the entire 24-hr span) published earlier by others. The diurnal portion of the circadian rhythm of human plasma zinc differed in the two groups investigated; this difference was not seen in the mean fasting plasma zinc concentrations. Circadian studies may reveal differences between groups that are not apparent by conventionally used single fasting estimates. More generally, in future studies of zinc, e.g., in skin disease, sampling time and the subjects' routine should be strictly standardized as a minimum, and rhythm characteristics should be quantified as an optimum.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Improved diabetic control in adolescents using the Penject syringe for multiple insulin injections.

Eleven adolescent diabetics, aged 15.1 +/- 1.3 years (mean +/- 1SD) in poor glycaemic control (HbA1 12.0 +/- 1.5% at entry) were commenced on a four times daily insulin injection regimen using the Penject fountain-pen syringe with Initard (50:50 mixture of porcine soluble and isophane) insulin on a sliding scale. Diabetic control improved over a 3-month period, assessed by a reduction in both the mean preprandial blood glucose concentrations (10.9 +/- 3.3 mmol/l to 7.7 +/- 2.3 mmol/l) and mean glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations (12.0 +/- 1.5% to 9.5 +/- 0.9%). Further improvement was again seen in 5 patients who remained on four daily injections for an additional 3 months (mean HbA1: 9.6 +/- 0.9% to 8.4 +/- 1.0%), whereas diabetic control in 6 patients who returned to twice daily injections deteriorated (mean HbA1 rose from 9.5 +/- 1.0% to 10.6 +/- 1.6%). Multiple insulin injections using an injection pen are acceptable to adolescent diabetics and improve their control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of alveolar bone in young and aged mice.

To study the relationship between aging and alveolar bone loss, the periodontia of young (12-week-old) and aged (94-week-old) C57B1/6 Nia mice were compared, giving special attention to the alveolar bone. The tibiae were also examined to distinguish local from systemic bone changes. The mean area of interproximal bone between the first and second mandibular molars was significantly less in the aged mice than in the young mice. While there was no difference in the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest, the width of the interproximal bone was narrower in the aged animals. The cross-sectional width of the tibia was also reduced in the aged mice, although the total bony area remained constant. In both groups of animals, the distance from the apical extent of the inflammatory infiltrate to the alveolar crest was similar suggesting that alveolar bone loss was not related to inflammation. Other histologic features observed in the teeth of the aged mice, which may have influenced the amount of alveolar bone, were mesial tilting and distal drifting, occlusal wear, and passive eruption. These findings suggest that the greater bone loss in the aged mice may be more related to the aging process and to the functional changes of tooth movement associated with aging than to periodontal disease.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of immunochemical methods for determining low concentrations of albumin in urine.

Four immunochemical methods (radioimmunoassay, RIA; radial immunodiffusion, RID; immunoturbidimetry, IT; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) for measuring urinary albumin at low concentrations were assessed for their assay characteristics and practicability. Precision and accuracy were comparable between the methods when studied individually. We made a method comparison, with RIA as reference, using urine samples from diabetic patients with albumin concentrations ranging from 1 to 120 mg/L. There was no significant systematic difference between RID and RIA, but IT and ELISA gave consistently lower values than RIA, the mean differences being 1.8 (p less than 0.01) and 9.7 mg/L (p less than 0.001), respectively. Random error, compared with that for RIA, was in increasing order: RID (residual SD = 3.8 mg/L); IT (4.3 mg/L); ELISA (7.3 mg/L). The difference between the methods increased with the albumin concentration. Operational cost was highest with IT, lowest with RIA. Capital cost was highest with RIA and lowest with RID, which required most technical skill. ELISA had intermediate overall costs.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1985

Normal variations in rate of albumin excretion and albumin to creatinine ratios in overnight and daytime urine collections in non-diabetic children.

Urine albumin excretion measured over consecutive weekends and on repeated first morning collections from normal children showed considerable variation both during the day and from day to day in each subject. The results emphasise the need for repeated measurement of albumin excretion in children to confirm the presence of persistent microalbuminuria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effects of a fluorinated bisphosphonate on bone remodeling in vivo.

A new fluorinated bisphosphonate, difluoromethylene bisphosphonate (F2MBP), was studied for its effects on physiologic bone remodeling in the actively growing rat tibia. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of either saline (control) or 30 mg/kg per day of F2MBP, dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP), or 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) for 30 days. Microradiographs of the epiphysealmetaphyseal region of tibiae from animals treated with either F2MBP or Cl2MBP demonstrated increased radiodensity but, unlike those treated with HEBP, without an increase in the width of the epiphyseal growth plate. Quantitative analyses of these microradiographs showed that there was an increase of calcified tissue in the metaphyseal region in all diphosphonate groups when compared with controls. However, the HEBP-treated animals exhibited significantly less increase than either F2MBP-treated or Cl2MBP-treated rats. In addition, the total area of calcified tissue in the diaphyseal transverse sections was greater in the F2MBP-treated animals than in controls. Elemental calcium, phosphorus, and fluorine, as detected by the electron probe, also increased in the metaphyseal region of the F2MBP-treated animals, but no significant differences in the calcium: phosphorous ratio were found among the control, F2MBP, and Cl2MBP treatment groups, indicating no alterations in the chemical composition of bone. The greater amount of fluorine in the tibiae of F2MBP-treated animals reflected the presence of the F2MBP molecule. Thus, this study has demonstrated that this new fluorinated bisphosphonate, like Cl2MBP, inhibits physiologic bone remodeling without disturbing mineralization. Furthermore, the presence of fluorine in F2MBP allows the precise localization of the incorporation of the bisphosphonate within the bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Measurement of urine prostaglandin E2 as a predictor of acute renal transplant rejection: preliminary findings.

A radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in urine was developed and validated. It was used to provide serial measurements in eight renal transplant patients. Urine PGE2 concentration was increased between 1 and 7 days before any changes in the conventional biochemical indicators of acute rejection, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. The increases in PGE2 concentration varied from 3 to 50 times that of the previous day. These results suggest that measurement of urinary PGE2 may be useful as an early indicator of acute renal transplant rejection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Effect of glycaemic control and duration of disease on overnight albumin excretion in diabetic children.

Urine albumin excretion rates were measured in overnight timed samples from diabetic and non-diabetic schoolchildren. The excretion rates in the diabetics were significantly higher than those in the controls and were positively correlated with age, duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control. Diabetic children aged 12 years and older had significantly higher albumin excretion rates than younger diabetic children matched for duration of disease. Among the non-diabetic controls there was no correlation between albumin excretion rate and age and the girls excreted significantly more albumin than the boys. Measurement of the overnight albumin excretion rate may provide a useful early indicator of the progression to clinical proteinuria in diabetes and is free from random variations such as that due to exercise.

Adolescent↗