PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D M Ruscello

Publications and source records attributed to D M Ruscello.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Visual feedback in treatment of residual phonological disorders.

The use of visual biofeedback in the treatment of individuals who have Residual Phonological Errors is discussed. This type of treatment was used with clients who had not improved through traditional auditory/production based treatments. Biofeedback is conceptualized as a cognitive treatment that requires the client's analysis of visual information. The information is used in developing correct productions of Residual Phonological Errors. The reported results indicate that visual feedback is a viable alternative treatment for those who have been unable to develop correct sound production through traditional methods.

Articulation Disorders↗

Speech appliances in the treatment of phonological disorders.

Some individuals are unable to achieve correct production of the /r/ phoneme after receiving substantial amounts of treatment. Clark, Schwarz, and Blakeley (1993) developed a removable speech appliance that positions the tongue to produce the /r/ phoneme. Their results indicate that the appliance was successful with a large group of clients. The rationale and issues related to the use of speech appliances are discussed.

Articulation Disorders↗

The perceptions of stutterers by people who stutter.

Twenty-five persons who stutter completed a questionnaire asking respondents to list adjectives describing four hypothetical stutterers: a female child, male child, female adult and male adult stutterer. The majority of reported adjectives concerned negative stereotypical personality traits, indicating descriptions of stutterers by a group of persons who stutter that were similar to descriptions given by fluent subject groups. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗

The use of different service delivery models for children with phonological disorders.

A group of 12 preschool children with phonological process errors was selected, and individual subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatments that differed in relation to service delivery. Group I received a treatment that was administered exclusively by the clinician. Group II received a combination that included clinician administered treatment and parent administered instruction with the Speech Viewer system. Results indicate that both groups improved significantly, but they did not differ significantly from each other in the degree of change. Implications with respect to the service delivery options and their respective components are discussed.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗

A comparative study of adolescents' perceptions of normal-speaking and dysarthric children.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare adolescents' perceptions of the nonspeech characteristics of dysarthric and normal speakers. Recordings of six three-word phrases produced by 16 speakers, eight cerebral palsied and eight normal-speaking children, were presented to 19 students for judgments of nonspeech characteristics on a semantic differential scale containing 22 bipolar adjective pairs. Results of their ratings indicated that for all 22 adjective pairs the normal speakers were judged more positively than the dysarthric speakers. Moreover, the differences in listeners' ratings between the two speaker groups were statistically significant for all adjective pairs. Implications of these findings and their comparison to the judgments of peer and adult listeners are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Evaluating research for clinical practice. A guide for practitioners.

This has been only a brief treatment of the topic, but one should note that research is an integral part of our clinical practice. If it were not for research our profession would remain static because our understanding of communicative disorders would not change. Instead, there has been a research commitment that has greatly increased our knowledge base. One only need look at the advances in assessment/treatment and the diversity in scope of practice to appreciate research. A profession well grounded in research is a profession that will continue to meet the challenges of the future. We need a strong research base to improve our services to communicatively handicapped persons, and practitioners must be active consumers of this research. The clinician and researcher share a common ground and must communicate with each other (Ringel, 1972). In practice, the speech-language pathologist needs to have a working knowledge of research, since she/he must continually deal with a variety of clinical problems. New tests and measurement procedures, treatments and other critical issues of the profession are subject to experimental scrutiny. It is up to the practitioner to critically examine an issue and then make a rational decision. Moll (1983) has indicated that rational clinical decisions are made on the basis of research and current clinical practice. There is no "cookbook" approach to utilizing research, but there are things that speech/language pathologists can do. First, one must read the literature and interpret the data. If research is to be utilized, make note of its success or lack of success.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗

Adolescents' perceptions of normal and voice-disordered children.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare adolescents' perceptions of the nonspeech characteristics of voice-disordered and normal speakers. Recordings of six three-word phrases produced by 16 speakers, eight voice-disordered and eight normal-speaking children, were presented to 19 adolescent students for judgments of nonspeech characteristics on a semantic differential scale containing 22 bipolar adjective pairs. Results of their ratings indicated that for 15 of the 22 pairs (68.2%) the normal speakers were judged more positively than the voice-disordered speakers. Moreover, for 9 of the 22 pairs (40.9%) the differences in listeners' ratings between the two speaker groups were statistically significant. Implications of these findings concerning developmental trends in the perception of voice disorders and their potential impact on mainstreaming in schools are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Modification of context-specific nasal emission.

An adult patient with context-specific nasal emission was enrolled in a treatment program that attempted to modify the problem through a combination of biofeedback and articulation training. Prior to, during, and at the termination of treatment, perceptual, acoustic, and physiologic measures were obtained. The data indicate that the articulatory pattern was modified and that such patterns are subject to change through speech treatment.

Adult↗

School-aged children with phonologic disorders: coexistence with other speech/language disorders.

Subjects in grades 1-12 with phonologic disorders were identified and categorized into either Residual or Delayed groups. Group selection was based on a subject rating system of communicative defectiveness and number and type of phonologic errors. The subjects' performance was compared with that of normal individuals on a number of speech and language parameters. The results indicated that voice disorders, deficits in expressive language, and hearing problems occurred in persons exhibiting phonologic disorders with a higher frequency than in the normal individuals.

Adolescent↗

Listeners' perceptions of nonspeech characteristics of normal and dysarthric children.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare listeners' evaluations of nonspeech characteristics of dysarthric and normal speakers. A total of 16 speakers, eight cerebral-palsied and eight normal children ranging in age from 6 to 11 years, recorded six three-word phrases. The cerebral-palsied speakers were judged to have disorders in at least two of the three areas of articulation, phonation, and resonance, and all were judged to have an articulation disorder as one of the two disordered areas. All normal speakers were found to have normal speech characteristics. A master tape containing the 16 speakers' recordings was presented to 25 listeners, who were asked to rate each of the speakers on a 24-item semantic differential scale that contained polarized adjective pairs concerned with personality and physical-appearance traits. Results of their ratings indicated that for all but two of the 24 adjective pairs, the normal speakers were judged more favorably than the dysarthric speakers, and for all but one of the 24 adjective pairs there were significant differences in judges' ratings between the normal and dysarthric speakers. It appears, therefore, that dysarthric speech adversely affected listeners' perceptions of the dysarthric speakers' personality and physical-appearance characteristics.

Attitude↗

The effects of orthognathic surgery on speech production.

Speech characteristics of 20 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery for correction of various skeletal defects were studied before surgical treatment and at periodic intervals postoperatively. Patients completed questionnaires that focused on their perceptions of appearance and oral function after orthognathic surgery. Approximately 60% of the patients demonstrated preoperative articulation errors. These were classified as mild because they did not interfere with the ability to be understood. Periodic testing indicated positive changes in articulation for a majority of those who had exhibited preoperative errors. None of the subjects experienced postoperative deterioration in their articulation. The subjects' perceptions of their individual operations were positive on all variables assessed.

Adolescent↗

Speech production before and after orthognathic surgery: a review.

A review of investigations in which speech production has been studied before and after orthognathic surgery indicates that many subjects demonstrate preoperative articulation errors. The error type most frequently identified was of the distortion variety, which suggests that misarticulating speakers were attempting to produce the sounds but that in most cases the sounds were phonetically incorrect. The /s/ speech sound and the sibilant class in general, of which /s/ is a member, were often found defective in the subjects' speech. Not all speakers had preoperative articulation errors, which suggests the possibility of compensatory articulation patterns. The literature indicates that some persons with certain occlusal and dental conditions do compensate for structural aberrations. Finally, the vast majority of subjects with preoperative misarticulations eliminated or reduced their errors following orthognathic surgery. In the case of speech behavior, it can be stated that surgical alterations in form brought about positive changes in function.

Cleft Palate↗

Transparency of three communication symbol systems.

This investigation studied the transparency or guessability of communication symbols from three widely used systems-Blissymbols, Picsyms, and Rebus. Symbol transparency was assessed across four age groups through a forced-choice identification task which contained Word, Phrase, and Sentence subtests. Significant differences were found in both Word subtest and Total test scores for the variables of symbol system and chronological age. Subjects across all age groups performed similarly in response to the Picsyms and Rebus symbol items but significantly more poorly when identifying Blissymbols. In addition, there appeared to be a developmental progression for the Picsym and Rebus symbol tests, but the same trend did not emerge for the Blissymbol test. The feature of symbol transparency, as measured through a forced-choice identification task, discriminated among symbol systems. Significantly fewer symbols from the Bliss system were found to be transparent when compared with Picsym and Rebus systems.

Adolescent↗

Classroom teachers' attitudes toward children with articulatory disorders.

A group of 116 elementary and junior high school educators were asked to list terms descriptive of children with articulatory disorders. A list of 20 terms was established and then rated for desirability-undesirability by 100 college students. A majority of the terms were negative in nature and were given undesirable ratings. The results suggest that many of the educators in the sample possess a number of negative attitudes toward children with articulatory disorders.

Adult↗