Biomedical subjects

Dong Chen

Publications and source records attributed to Dong Chen.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

The value and limitation of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in preventing recurrence of resected hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate the value and limitation of postoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in preventing recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: In the first group, 987 postoperative patients with HCC, who did not have any evidence of recurrence in the first preventative TACE but were found to have recurrence at different times during the follow-up survey, were analyzed. In the second group, 643 postoperative patients with HCC had no TACE for compared study. To study the relationship between the recurrence time and the number of TACE treatments was analyzed. RESULTS: The 6-, 12-, and 18-mo recurrence rates in the first and second groups were 22.2% (210 cases) vs 61.6% (396 cases), 78.0% (770 cases) vs 74.7% (480 cases) and 88.6% (874 cases) vs 80.1% (515 cases). There were significant differences between the recurrence rates of the two groups at 6 mo (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The principal role of TACE after HCC operation is to suppress, detect early and treat micro-metastasis. It has a good effect of preventing recurrence of HCC in 6 mo, but such an effect is less satisfactory in a longer period. When it is uncertain whether HCC is single-central or multi-central and if there is cancer residue or metastasis after operation, TACE is valuable to prevent recurrence.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed2005

[The role RNA interference of alpha1, 3GT plays in resistance to complement mediated cytotoxicity of porcine endothelial cells].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether RNA interference can protect porcine endothelial cells from complement mediated cytotoxicity. METHODS: Immortalized porcine aortic endothelial cells of the line PED were cultured and transfected with alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1, 3-GT) specific siRNAs. Cells transfected with mismatch SiRNA was used as negative controls. Forty-eight hours later the cells were collected. The expression of alpha1, 3-GT mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. The expression of alpha-Gal was examined by flow cytometry. PED cells ere labeled with (51)Cr and mixed with normal human serum (NHS). The release of (51)Cr was measured by gamma-ray counter. Heat inactivated NHS (HINHS) was used as control. RESULTS: Two isoforms (isoform 1 and isoform 2) were amplified from the PED cells. The expression of alpha1, 3-GT in the PED cells transfected with SiRNA-1 was lower by 70% in comparison with the mock group (69% for the isoform 1 and 72% for the isoform 2, both P < 0.05). However, the expression of alpha1, 3-GT in the PED cells transfected with SiRNA21 was not different from those in the mock group and mismatch group (both P > 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the average fluorescence intensity of the PED cells transfected with SiRNA-1 was 52, 9, significantly lower than that of the mismatch group and mock group (493.9 and 5-5.7 respectively, both P < 0.0). Fluorescence microscopy observed the "silence effect" of alphaGal after SiRNA-1 transfection. Added with 20% and 40% NHS, the cell dissolution rate of the SiRNA transfection group was lower than that of the mock group by 70% and 60% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: alpha1, 3GT gene silencing actually occurs following transfection of SiRNA-1. Porcine endothelial cells can be the targets of RNAi.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Expression and implication of tissue transglutaminase and connective tissue growth factor at fibrotic tubulointerstitium in kidneys from UUO rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression and co-locolization of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in kidneys from rats with tubulointerstitial fibrosis. METHODS: The animal models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were used. The rats were randomly divided into the sham-operation group (n=5), the UUO group (n=6), and the Enalapril-treated UUO group (n=6). All the rats were sacrificed on day 9, the kidneys were collected, and renal interstitial fibrosis was examined by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The expression and localization of tTG, CTGF, and Fibronectin( FN) in the obstructed kidneys were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. The protein levels of tTG and CTGF of the whole kidney homogenates were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Weak signals of tTG, CTGF, and FN-positive immunostaining were observed in renal tubular cells and tubulointerstitium, and very rare positive signals were seen in the glomeruli in the sham-operation group. However, much intensive signals of tTG, CTGF, and FN-positive immunostaining were observed in renal tubular cells and tubulointerstitium in the UUO group, and the intensity of signals were decreased in the Enalapril-treated UUO group. Co-localization of tTG and CTGF immunoreactivity were observed in tubulointerstitium in the UUO group. The levels of tTG and CTGF protein analyzed by Western blotting were increased remarkably in the UUO group compared with the sham-operation group, and a significant reduction of tTG and CTGF protein levels were presented in the Enalapril-treated UUO group compared with the UUO group. The levels of tTG protein had positive correlation with the levels of CTGF protein (r=0.683, P<0.05), and with the semi-quantitative levels of FN expression (r=0.737, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both tTG and CTGF may play a concordant role in the pathogenesis of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis,and Enalapril may suppress the development of fibrosis partially via down-regulation of tTG and CTGF expression.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Inhibition of xenogeneic response in porcine endothelium using RNA interference.

BACKGROUND: Rejection mediated by antibody recognition of the alpha-Gal epitope (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R) is a major barrier in porcine-to-human xenotransplantation. Because the synthesis of alpha-Gal is dependent on alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), methods of blocking this enzyme are needed. RNA interference induced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful technique for allowing the silencing of mammalian genes with great specificity and potency. In this study, we use siRNA for silencing of alpha1,3GT with the purpose of reducing expression of the alpha-Gal epitope and subsequently decreasing immunogenicity of porcine endothelial cells. METHODS: alpha1,3GT-specific and control siRNAs were transfected into the porcine aortic endothelial cell line, PED. alpha-Gal expression was assessed by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Protection from human-complement and natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated by Cr-release assays after incubation of PED with normal human serum (NHS) and NK92 cell, respectively. RESULTS: RNA interference was successfully achieved in PED as witnessed by the specific knock-down of alpha1,3GT mRNA levels. Flow cytometric analysis using the Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 lectin confirmed the suppression of alpha1,3GT activity as evidenced by decreased alpha-Gal. Functional relevance of the knock-down phenotype was illustrated by the finding that silenced PED were protected from cytotoxicity of NHS. Protection from NK-mediated cytotoxicity was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data are the first to demonstrate that RNA interference is a potent tool to down modulate alpha-Gal expression and to protect endothelial cells from complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Gene silencing by siRNA may represent a new approach for overcoming hyperacute and acute vascular rejection.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

CD98 modulates integrin beta1 function in polarized epithelial cells.

The type II transmembrane protein CD98, best known as the heavy chain of the heterodimeric amino acid transporters (HAT), is required for the surface expression and basolateral localization of this transporter complex in polarized epithelial cells. CD98 also interacts with beta1 integrins resulting in an increase in their affinity for ligand. In this study we explored the role of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of CD98 on integrin-dependent cell adhesion and migration in polarized renal epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the transmembrane domain of CD98 was sufficient, whereas the five N-terminal amino acids of this domain were required for CD98 interactions with beta1 integrins. Overexpression of either full-length CD98 or CD98 lacking its cytoplasmic tail increased cell adhesion and migration, whereas deletion of the five N-terminal amino acids of the transmembrane domain of CD98 abrogated this effect. CD98 and mutants that interacted with beta1 integrins increased both focal adhesion formation and FAK and AKT phosphorylation. CD98-induced cell adhesion and migration was inhibited by addition of phosphoinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors suggesting these cell functions are PI3-K-dependent. Finally, CD98 and mutants that interacted with beta1, induced marked changes in polarized renal epithelial cell branching morphogenesis in collagen gels. Thus, in polarized renal epithelial cells, CD98 might be viewed as a scaffolding protein that interacts with basolaterally expressed amino acid transporters and beta1 integrins and can alter diverse cellular functions such as amino acid transport as well as cell adhesion, migration and branching morphogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Biological effect of velvet antler polypeptides on neural stem cells from embryonic rat brain.

BACKGROUND: Velvet antler polypeptides (VAPs), which are derived from the antler velvets, have been reported to maintain survival and promote growth and differentiation of neural cells and, especially the development of neural tissues. This study was designed to explore the influence of VAPs on neural stem cells in vitro derived from embryonic rat brain. METHODS: Neural stem cells derived from E12-14 rat brain were isolated, cultured, and expanded for 7 days until neural stem cell aggregations and neurospheres were generated. The neurospheres were cultured under the condition of different concentration of VAPs followed by immunocytochemistry to detect the differentiation of neural stem cells. RESULTS: VAPs could remarkably promote differentiation of neural stem cells and most neural stem cells were induced to differentiate towards the direction of neurons under certain concentration of VAPs. CONCLUSION: Neural stem cells can be successfully induced into neurons by VAPs in vitro, which could provide a basis for regeneration of the nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

IL-5 up-regulates the expression of TGF-beta1 in human blood eosinophils in vitro.

To investigate the effects of IL-5 on the expression of TGF-beta1 in eosinophils in vitro, eosinophils were incubated in the presence of the same concentrations of 1L-4, IL-5 and IFNgamma, different concentrations of IL-5 in vitro and changes of eosinophil viability were assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Non-cytokine was employed as a negative control. 16 h after the cultivation, supernatants and cells were assayed by using TGF-beta1 specific ELISA and RT-PCR. The mRNA expression and protein expresssion of TGF-beta1 in eosinophils stimulated with different cytokines was observed. The expression of TGF-beta1 protein in eosinophils was increased significantly by IL-4 (433.67 +/- 9.86 vs 228.9 +/- 2.87) and IL-5 (403.72 +/- 7.60 vs 228.9 +/- 2.87, P < 0.05), while decreased by IFNgamma (178.47 +/- 2.60 vs 228.9 +/- 2.87). At the same time, the results demonstrated that the basal level of TGF expression was enhanced by IL-5 in all samples (P < 0.05). The expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA was 1.42, 1.70, 1.76-folds higher than that of the non-stimulated controls. It is concluded that IL-5 can up-regulate the expression of TGF-beta1 in eosinophils in vitro, which might have effect in eosinophil-associated chronic rejection.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2005

Y-700, a novel inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, suppresses the development of colon aberrant crypt foci and cell proliferation in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated mice.

Y-700, 1-[3-cyano-4-(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, is a newly synthesized inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. This study found that feeding of Y-700 suppressed the development of colonic aberrant crypt foci, precursor lesions of colon cancer, and cell proliferation in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated mice, accompanied by reduced serum urate. These results suggest that Y-700 is a useful agent for the prevention of colon tumorigenesis and that xanthine oxidase plays an important role in the development of colon cancer.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed2005

[Observation of the effect of the mixed composite skin graft on deep partial thickness burn wounds].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of mixed composite skin graft on the deep partial thickness burn wounds after tangential excision in burn patients. METHODS: Tangential excision was performed in 30 extremities of 23 burn patients within 3 postburn days (PBDs). Then large pieces of homologous acellular dermal matrix were grafted onto the superficial fascia with razor thin autoskin on top of them. The survival rate of skin grafts, the appearance and the functional recovery of the extremities were observed on 10 to 12 post operative day (POD). Skin samples from a healed wound of a patient were harvested three months after the injury for pathologic examination. RESULTS: The survival rate of the composite skin grafts was 93%. Necrosis was encountered in 7% of the grafts in the lower extremities due to the poor fixation of the grafts leading to separation of autologous skin and the dermal template, and also due to infection resulting in lysis of the grafts. The grafted skin was excellent in the appearance and elasticity, and function of the injured extremities recovered well after grafting after 3 - 6 months of follow-up. Epidermal and dermal texture was also good as shown by pathologic examination. CONCLUSION: Mixed composite skin grafting after early tangential excision might be an ideal and effective method in the management of deep partial thickness burn wounds.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Rosiglitazone inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of rosiglitazone on atherosclerosis and potential mechanism in ApoE-knockout mice. METHODS: Thirty-two 6-week-old ApoE-knockout mice were used as atherosclerosis model in two groups: rosiglitazone group (n = 18) and control group (n = 14). Each group contained equal numbers of male and female mice. All mice were fed with normal chow diet. In addition to normal diet, rosiglitazone group received rosiglitazone 17 mg/kg of body weight/day. Venous bloods were collected for plasma glucose and lipid analysis, and aorta were prepared for morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis after 14 weeks. Aortic root (1 cm) was cut and prepared for paraffin slice. The histomorphometric analysis of atherosclerotic lesion was performed by means of HE; positive percentage of macrophage cell and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured by means of immunohistochemistry in cross section. The ratio of lesion/aortic wall surface in the rest aorta was measured by means of Sudan IV staining in longitudinal section. RESULTS: The amount of fatty streak in rosiglitazone group was significantly greater than that of control group; the gross number of lesions and the number of fibrous plaque and atheromatous plaque were similar in two groups. There were no differences in percentage of lesions in cross section in two groups. Rosiglitazone could significantly reduce the extend of atherosclerosis of longitudinal section, decrease the amount of macrophage cell and the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lesions. The plasma glucose was normal and similar in two groups, and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in rosiglitazone group. CONCLUSION: Rosiglitazone suppresses the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, reduces the number of macrophage cell in lesion, and inhibits the development of atherosclerosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Study on human leukocyte antigen G1 reducing xeno-cell-rejection by transfecting porcine endothelial cells].

OBJECTIVE: To study whether the porcine endothelial cells (PECs) lines transfected by HLA-G1 can alter the lysis mediated by human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and natural killer cell 92 (NK-92). METHODS: By use of liposomes pack, the pcDNA3. 0 eukaryotic expression vector carrying HLA-G1 was transfected into PECs. Using indirect immunofluorescence and RT-PCR assays, the HLA-G1 expression in PECs was detected. The alteration of the lysis mediated by PBMC and NK-92 was detected by 51Cr-release assays. RESULTS: HLA-G1 expression could be detected in PECs after transfection of HLA-G1 at the levels of protein and RNA. It also could be found that the survival rate of transfected PECs was much higher than that of non-transfected PECs, when both of them faced the lysis mediated by human PBMC and NK-92. After transfecting the expression of HLA-G1 could be found in the transfected PECs and the lysis mediated by PBMC and NK-92 to PECs decreased obviously (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The PECs transfected by HLA-G1 can decrease the NK lysis, so that it may provide us a new thought to inhibit the xeno-cell-rejection.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Clinical observation on needle pricking for treatment of infertility due to varicocele after varicocelectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To observe clinical therapeutic effect of needle pricking therapy on infertility with varicocele after varicocelectomy. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two cases were randomly divided into a treatment group of 62 cases and a control group of 60 cases. The treatment group were treated with needle pricking at sacral plexus nerve spots and lumbar plexus nerve spots, and the control group were treated with intramuscular injection of HCG. RESULTS: After treatment, the pregnancy rate of the patient's wife was 79.0% in the treatment group and 41.7% in the control group with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01); the production hormones improved significantly in the both groups (P < 0.01); superoxide dismutase and Zn in the semen elevated significantly in the treatment group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Needle pricking therapy can significantly improve and regulate endocrines in the patient of varicocele after varicocelectomy, and elevate quality of semen and sperm and the pregnancy rate of the patient's wife.

Biopsy↗

PubMed2005

[Imaging evaluation of efficacy of radiofrequency ablation treatment for hepatic cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of B-ultrasonography, CT and MRI in the evaluation of efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatic cancer. METHODS: One hundred patients with hepatic cancer were treated by ultrasound-guided RFA between October 1999 and September 2000. All patients had been examined by serum AFP, B-ultrasound, CT or MRI before and within one month after RFA. RESULTS: Before RFA, 34 patients who had had CT, the tumor showed hypo- or iso-density un-enhancement and enhancement on dynamic scanning. After RFA, 14 patients were examined by CT scan. Compared with the density on CT scan before RFA, 5 patients showed lower density lesion without any enhancement on dynamic scanning, but the other 9 patients showed similar images to the previous CT scan before RFA in some parts of their tumor. Before RFA, 66 patients examined by MRI showed hypo-intensity on T(1)-weighted image, hyper-intensity on T(2)-weighted image and enhancement on dynamic scanning. After RFA, among 86 patients examined by MRI, 44 showed iso- or hyper-intensity on T(1)-weighted image, iso- or hypo-intensity on T(2)-weighted image and no enhancement on dynamic scanning. But 42 patients showed similar images to the previous MRI imaging performed before RFA in some parts of their tumor. CONCLUSION: Both CT and MRI can be used as imaging evaluation tool on the effect of radiofrequency ablation for hepatic cancer. However, MRI is better than CT to detect whether the tumor is necrotic or still partly viable after radiofrequency ablation. Patients can be regarded as clinically cured provided that the serum AFP declines to the normal level from abnormally high level and/or MRI or CT scans show a complete necrotic lesion after RFA.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Evaluation of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the prevention of postoperative recurrence in 1630 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: In TACE group, 987 HCC patients without any evidence of recurrence at the first TACE were treated by prophylactic TACE postoperatively within one or two months. In the control group, 643 HCC patients were not treated by prophylactic TACE for comparison. The correlation between the first recurrence and prophylactic TACE was analyzed. RESULTS: Recurrence rate in the TACE and control group was 22.2% (219/987) and 61.6% (396/643) within 6 months (P < 0.01); 78% (770/987) and 74.7% (480/643) within 12 months (P > 0.05); 88.6% (874/987) and 80.1% (515/643) within 18 months (P < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: Postoperative prophylactic TACE may be able to suppress the recurrence formation for HCC patients with or without definite residual lesion within 6 months.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed2004

Using silver nanoparticle to enhance current response of biosensor.

In this paper, we present a simple procedure to increase the sensitivity of a glucose biosensor. The feasibility of an amperometric glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) in silver (Ag) sol was investigated for the first time. GOx was simply mixed with Ag nanoparticles and cross-linked with a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) medium by glutaraldehyde. Then a platinum electrode was coated with the mixed solution. The effects of the amount of the Ag particles used, with respect to the current response for enzyme electrodes, were studied. A set of experimental results indicate that the current response for the enzyme electrode containing hydrophobic Ag sol increased from 0.531 to 31.17 microA in the solution of 10 mmol/L beta-D glucose. The time reaching the steady-state current response reduced from 60 to 20s, three times less than those without Ag particles involved.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Adjustment of lipiodol dose according to tumor blood supply during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma by multidetector helical CT.

AIM: To work out an individualized lipiodol dose in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to its blood supply evaluated by CT. METHODS: One hundred patients with large HCC (more than 8 cm in diameter) were studied by multidetector helical CT. Patterns of blood supply of HCC were divided into sufficient blood supply, poor blood supply, mixed blood supply and arteriovenous (A-V) shunt. The dose of ultra-fluid lipiodol was determined by diameter and blood supply type of HCC. Patients were divided into two groups (50 cases each): lipiodol perfusion group and iodized oil perfusion group according to tumor diameter and the blood supply type of tumor. RESULTS: The confirmation and effective rates were 82%, 84% in the first group and 36%, 46% in the second group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: A relatively individualized lipiodol dose may be determined according to the blood supply pattern and the tumor diameter by CT imaging.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Differential expression of collagen- and laminin-binding integrins mediates ureteric bud and inner medullary collecting duct cell tubulogenesis.

Inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD) are terminally differentiated structures derived from the ureteric bud (UB). UB development is mediated by changes in the temporal and spatial expression of integrins and their respective ligands. We demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro that the UB expresses predominantly laminin receptors (alpha3beta1-, alpha6beta1-, and alpha6beta(4-integrins), whereas the IMCD expresses both collagen (alpha1beta1- and alpha2beta1-integrins) and laminin receptors. Cells derived from the IMCD, but not the UB, undergo tubulogenesis in collagen-I (CI) gels in an alpha1beta1- and alpha2beta1-dependent manner. UB cells transfected with the alpha2-integrin subunit undergo tubulogenesis in CI, suggesting that collagen receptors are required for branching morphogenesis in CI. In contrast, both UB and IMCD cells undergo tubulogenesis in CI/Matrigel gels. UB cells primarily utilize alpha3beta1- and alpha6-integrins, whereas IMCD cells mainly employ alpha1beta1 for this process. These results demonstrate a switch in integrin expression from primarily laminin receptors in the early UB to both collagen and laminin receptors in the mature IMCD, which has functional consequences for branching morphogenesis in three-dimensional cell culture models. This suggests that temporal and spatial changes in integrin expression could help organize the pattern of branching morphogenesis of the developing collecting system in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

p50alpha/p55alpha phosphoinositide 3-kinase knockout mice exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity.

Class Ia phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases are heterodimers composed of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit and are essential for the metabolic actions of insulin. In addition to p85alpha and p85beta, insulin-sensitive tissues such as fat, muscle, and liver express the splice variants of the pik3r1 gene, p50alpha and p55alpha. To define the role of these variants, we have created mice with a deletion of p50alpha and p55alpha by using homologous recombination. These mice are viable, grow normally, and maintain normal blood glucose levels but have lower fasting insulin levels. Results of an insulin tolerance test indicate that p50alpha/p55alpha knockout mice have enhanced insulin sensitivity in vivo, and there is an increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle tissues and adipocytes. In muscle, loss of p50alpha/p55alpha results in reduced levels of insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and phosphotyrosine-associated PI 3-kinase but enhanced levels of IRS-2-associated PI 3-kinase and Akt activation, whereas in adipocytes levels of both insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase and Akt are unchanged. Despite this, adipocytes of the knockout mice are smaller and have increased glucose uptake with altered glucose metabolic pathways. When treated with gold thioglucose, p50alpha/p55alpha knockout mice become hyperphagic like their wild-type littermates. However, they accumulate less fat and become mildly less hyperglycemic and markedly less hyperinsulinemic. Taken together, these data indicate that p50alpha and p55alpha play an important role in insulin signaling and action, especially in lipid and glucose metabolism.

Adipose Tissue↗