A simple technique for the isolation of pure antibodies by use of bacterial toxins or toxoids bound to porous silica beads "Spherosil" is described. Employment of toxins instead of toxoids has the advantage of resulting higher yields of purified antibodies.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rational approaches to reduce adverse reactions in man to vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.

Adverse reactions to routine vaccines are obstacles to the mass vaccination campaigns. Though the absolute safety of any injectable vaccine cannot be guaranteed, the adverse side effects to vaccines can be minimized by practicing existing scientific knowledge. Adverse side effects to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids have been known for many years and there have been ways to minimize these reactions. These procedures did not get wide acceptance, because the current partially purified tetanus and diphtheria vaccines meet the regulatory requirements and the manufacturers are reluctant to change the established procedures of production due to the amount of work involved in the regulatory issues under the current Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Due to the recent epidemic of diphtheria in the independent states of the former Soviet Union, and its potential for spread to other European Countries, vaccination campaigns with tetanus and diphtheria vaccines received a new boost with several international agencies. In this report, we review the causes for adverse reactions to tetanus and diphtheria vaccines and offer practical suggestions for minimizing these reactions. The major issues in minimizing adverse reactions to these vaccines include: (1) purifying the toxins before detoxification as the reactogenic accessory antigens get covalently bound to the toxins during detoxification; (2) either using well-tolerated adjuvants which do not elicit the production of antigenic specific IgE antibodies responsible for adverse reactions or by using non-adjuvanted highly immunogenic polymerized antigens; (3) checking the status of immunity by recently developed rapid serological methods or by the Schick skin-test for diphtheria to avoid allergic or Arthus-type reactions. These approaches are applicable to industrial scales and would result in a pure, less reactogenic and better characterized toxoids antigens which would be more suitable for combined vaccines comprising highly purified acellular pertussis components, polysaccharide-protein conjugates and other antigens.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on culture conditions of Bordetella pertussis and relationship to immunogenicity of vaccines.

Conditions for growing Bordetella pertussis bacteria in fermentors were studied for the purpose of producing highly protective vaccines. Bacteria with high protective potency were obtained in fermentors when the inoculum consisted of a dense suspension of young B. pertussis cells grown on Bordet-Gengou agar plates. When the time of cultivation in fermentors exceeded 30 h, bacteria harvested showed lower protective potency activity and lower levels of histamine sensitizing factor (HSF) and leukocytosis promoting factor (LPF), indicating that the optimal time for collection is at the end of the logarithmic growth phase. In fermentors, the ATP concentration in the bacterial cells increased from the time of inoculation until the end of the logarithmic growth phase. At the late logarithmic growth phase, the amounts of ATP, HSF, LPF and protective antigen declined rapidly. ATP kinetics thus provides a way of predicting the immunogenicity of vaccines. These results may be applicable to the production of vaccines exhibiting high protective activity at low bacterial concentrations, and to the preparation of soluble vaccines resulting from high-yield extraction of protective antigens. A correlation between the potency and LPF activity of vaccines was established for use in the rapid screening of vaccines for protective activity.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Calcium-phosphate-adjuvanted allergens: total and specific IgE levels before and after immunotherapy with house dust and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extracts.

Results of total and specific IgE levels before and after immunotherapy carried out with calcium-phosphate-adjuvanted house dust and mite allergens for 36 patients are reported here. Total and specific IgE levels were evaluated by radioimmunological methods based on the IgE/anti-IgE interaction. Total IgE levels were not significantly different before and after immunotherapy; most of the specific IgE levels remained on the same order. IgE levels after immunotherapy varied only slightly in most patients and were not correlated with therapeutic results. Advantages of calcium phosphate compared to aluminium compounds are reported.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of protective antitumor immune response against a murine plasmacytoma not curable by alkylating-drug treatment.

Immunization with viable tumor cells followed by subsequent administration of glutaraldehyde-treated tumor cells induced a protective antitumor immune response in the host toward the alkylating-drug resistant RPC-5 plasmacytoma. This was proven by resistance to challenge with RPC-5 tumor cells, neutralization in Winn tests, by effectiveness of combined chemotherapy with melphalan plus immunotherapy with spleen cells from RPC-5 immunized mice and in vitro by cytotoxicity tests. The specificity of the immune response was ascertained in vivo by comparison with the response toward MOPC-315 plasmacytoma. However, in vitro cytotoxicity tests revealed the occurrence of shared antigens between the RPC-5 and MOPC-315 tumor cells. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of alkylating-drug treatment toward the RPC-5 tumor is not due to the inability of this tumor to induce a specific antitumor immune response, and that cross-antigenic relationship as revealed by in vitro cytotoxicity tests does not necessarily reflect cross-protection between various plasmacytomas.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Studies on the bactericidal activity of glutaraldehyde (author's transl)].

Bactericidal activity of aqueous glutaraldehyde has been determined in comparison with aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Several bacterial strains have been tested and it was found that the activity of the glutaraldehyde solution was superior or equal to that of the hypochlorite solution with the exception of the action on mycobacteria.

Aldehydes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunoglobulins and reaginic activity].

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Animals↗