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Biomedical subjects

E Köhler

Publications and source records attributed to E Köhler.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Dosage monitoring through measurement of serum level--a task of clinical pharmacology.

Dosage monitoring or "pharmacokinetic therapy service", respectively, covers blood level governed therapy schedule or blood level controlled dosage for certain types of therapy. It is also advantageous in applying drugs of a small therapeutic range or in "risk" patients such as children, old men and patients suffering from elimination disturbances. With the blood level data known, physicians can follow an optimum therapy schedule. The principle of this service is detailed using therapy with antiepileptics as an example. Through substantiation is given.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Temperature behavior of infusion solutions].

Since rheological qualities (density, viscosity) of solutions depend upon temperature and consecutively influence the conditions of current, i. e. among others the dropping speed of the solutions to be infused, the behaviour of the temperature of the solutions glucose 50, 200, alvesin "new", fructose 400, intralipid 10%, sorbitoli 100, electrolytic infusion 153 DAB 7 and as comparative fluid distilled water was investigated. All solutions showed qualitatively the same behaviour. In an infusion not running after 3 till 4 hours at all levels of the infusion bottle an assimilation of the temperature of refrigerator to room temperature is to be expected. In running infusion after about one hour the infusion solution in the canule reaches room temperature, whereas the temperature of the solution in the infusion bottle is about 10 degrees C lower. With increasing speed of infusion this difference in temperature decreases. A constancy of the rheological qualities of an infusion solution is, therefore, in non-running infusion to be reached after about three hours, in running infusion after about one hour, in case that before the solution had the temperature of the refrigerator (4 degrees C till 10 degrees C). The dropping speed is influenced in such a case only by the changing of the hydrostatic pressure.

Electrolytes↗
PubMed1977

[The density--viscosity--temperature relationship of infusion solutions].

Viscosity and density of the infusion solution have an influence on the dropping rapidity when the conventional infusion technique is used and on the elevation volume when infusion pumps are used. They depend on temperature and thus may vary the infusion volume. For selected infusion solutions this behaviour was analysed and described. The changing of these parameters depending on temperature is insignificant and might not be relevant clinically.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1977

[Obesity as a metabolic risk factor].

On the basis of the results of clinico-experimental examinations and of animal experiments the importance of obesity as metabolic factor of risk is confirmed and hereby the diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular effects are particularly taken into consideration. Conclusions are made relevant to practice and it is particularly referred to the central position of the B-cells for the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as to prophylactic and early therapeutic measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Insulin and glucagon secretion and the insulin sensitivity of peripheric organs of colony-bred sand rats fed with pellet diet after weaning.

Colony-bred sand rats were fed with rat pellet chow in restricted quantities or ad libitum for 8--10 or 28--31 weeks after weaning. The changes of glucose metabolism were characterized by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The daily food intake and the average weight gain differed only in the first 5--7 weeks of pellet nutrition. In the impaired glucose tolerance tests of all sand rats the high basal plasma IRI levels were not significantly increased by the grossly enhanced blood glucose concentrations. The insulin secretion of either acutely incubated or for 8 days cultivated isolated pancreatic islets, however, was stimulated already by low (1.7 and 5 mM) glucose concentrations in all diet groups. Otherwise the glucagon secretion of isolated islets was not suppressed by high glucose concentrations. No changes of insulin or glucagon contents of islets were found in the different diet groups. The adipocytes of all animals revealed a complete ineffectiveness of insulin on the glucose utilization to CO2 and triglycerides. The basal glucose conversion to CO2 and glycogen in skeletal muscle and the stimulatory potency of insulin was low and not distinctly different in all groups. In liver glycogen and triglyceride contents as well as gluconeogenic enzyme activities were not influenced by feeding of different quantities of pellet diet at the investigated time points. The time course of the metabolic and clinical alterations demonstrates that the peripheral organs become insensitive to insulin in the first weeks after weaning.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The problem of diabetic angiolopathy in sand rats (Psammomys obesus).

No diabetic angiolopathy was found in the retinas, kidneys and skeletal muscles of protodiabetic and overtly diabetic sand rats. The terminal blood vessels were investigated using histological, enzyme histochemical, immunofluorescence microscopic, autoradiographic and electron microscopic methods. There seems to be little or no connection in sand rats between the diabetic metabolism syndrome and the metabolic process leading to angiolopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Variations of glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) during adaptation to laboratory holding.

Sand rats, captured in Egypt and fed with a low caloric vegetable diet during adaptation, were investigated before and after 2.5 and 8 weeks diet treatment (30 and 40 kcal/100 g body weight daily). In hexobarbital anaesthesia the sand rats were loaded with 1 g glucose/kg body weight in a single dose intravenously. After a rapid increase the content of glucose in blood remained at a level of about 600 mg glucose/100 ml blood. The insulin immunoreactivity in blood did not change uniformly after application of glucose and remained in a physiologic range. In the islets of Langerhans a degranulation was found during diet treatment. The sensitivity of the epididymal adipose tissue towards insulin in vitro decreased to a nearly complete resistance in the course of diet treatment. A diminution of insulin sensitivity was also found in the m. soleus in vitro. The content of glucose-6-phosphate in the m. semimembranosus was found enhanced after the preparation of the animal. It was found progressively increased up to the five-fold at the end of diet treatment. In the corresponding muscle the glucose distribution volume was increased to about double the extracellular volume. An accumulation of free glucose within the muscle cell must be taken into account. In conclusion the treatment of sand rats with a diabetogenic diet results very quickly in a loss of insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue. The progressively increased stress-mediated accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate and free glucose refers to an inhibition of glucose utilization in the phosphorylation step of glucose in skeletal muscle.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

[Some problems of pollinosis therapy].

Proceeding from the importance of the specific hypo- resp. desensitization for a causal therapy of pollinosis aerobiological, botanical, phenological and serological results are discussed, the application of which in anamnesis, testing and composition of diagnosticals and therapeuticals will lead to an increase of the efficiency of this kind of treatment.

Air↗
PubMed1976

Glucose-induced insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity of peripheric organs of Egyptian sand rats before manifestation of diabetes.

In Egyptian sand rats (Psammomys obesus) fed with native food and a low caloric vegetable diet after capture it was possible to study endocrinologic and metabolic changes of the early stages during the progression to diabetes. According to body weight gain and fasting blood glucose the animals were differentiated into two groups classified as basic and protodiabetic group, respectively. Isolated pancreatic islets as well as the perfused pancreases of sand rats responded to low concentrations of glucose with high insulin release during early stages of the development to diabetes. Changes in the insulin content of the islets could not be detected at this time although in the B-cells of the protodiabetic animals a degranulation was visible. During these early stages of the development to diabetes the in vitro insulin action on glucose utilization in soleus muscle and especially in epididymal fat pads as well as the basal glucose metabolism in adipose tissue were low. This strikingly reduced utilization of glucose by adipose and muscle tissues may be a factor which challenges the B-cell.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Pancreatic B-cell behaviour after changing the natural environment of sand rats (Psammomys obesus.

On the basis of the blood glucose increase during the capitivity sand rats born in the desert were classified as normals, protodiabetics and diabetics, indicating a different adaptation to the new environment within a definite period. Isolated islets of animals, which did not develop a hyperglycemia, enhanced their insulin content during the adaptation period. The absolute insulin secretion rates in response to 16.5 mM glucose were rather similar between the three investigated groups and not modified by the insulin as well as glucagon content of pancreatic islets. But, since islets of hyperglycemic sand rats could not increase the insulin content, a significantly enhanced fractional secretion (as % of the content) could be observed. The results let us assume that the B-cell reaction during the adaptation period can be modified by further factors additionally to the changed environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1975

[Cardiodepressive action of bencyclan (author's transl)].

In the isolated guinea pigs atria as well as in anaesthetized cats and dogs we studied the cardiovascular effects of bencyclan. The following results were found: 1.) Bencyclan causes a dose-dependent diminution of the force of contraction, the maximal rate of rise of contraction, and the frequency of the isolated atria, while the functional refractory period is prolonged. 2.) The negative inotropic effect of bencyclan can be antagonized in the isolated atria by increasing Ca+++ -concentrations. 3.) In the isolated left atria the effect of orciprenaline is unchanged while the effect of serotonin is diminished by bencyclan. 4.) In the anaesthetized cat 5 mg/kg of bencyclan cause a significant decrease of blood-pressure and contractility. While the fall of blood-pressure is reversed within a few minutes, the contractility is diminished for a longer time. 5.) 2 of 10 cats and 2 of 3 dogs died within a few minutes when 5 mg/kg bencyclan and 1 mg/kg propranolol were injected within an interval of 15 minutes. 6.) Pretreatment with 20 mg/kg propranolol i.m. does not increase the acute toxicity of bencyclan in mice significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Cardiac side-effects of bencyclan].

Bencyclan (Fludilat), used therapeutically as a vasodilator drug, exerts a distinct negative inotropic and chronotropic action on myocardium, in contrast to papaverine. It prolongs the functional refractory period in the isolated heart preparation. In isolated myocardial mitochondria it decreases the velocity of oxidative phosphorylation and the rate of calcium uptake. These results indicate that heart function should be checked if bencyclan is applied at high dosage, especially if other cardio-depressive substances such as narcotics, antidepressive and antiarrhythmic agents as well as beta-adrenergic blockers are used at the same time. On the other hand, the results suggest that bencyclan should be tested for possible use in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease as well as ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗