Biomedical subjects

E Kuosma

Publications and source records attributed to E Kuosma.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Increased expression of high mobility group A proteins in lung cancer.

High mobility group A (HMGA) proteins play an important role in the regulation of transcription, differentiation, and neoplastic transformation. In this work, the expression of HMGA 1 and 2 in 152 lung carcinomas of mainly non-small-cell histological type has been studied by immunohistochemistry in order to evaluate their feasibility as lung cancer markers. In 17 lung cancer cases, the related bronchial epithelial changes were also studied for HMGA1 and 2 expression. RNA expression of HMGA1a and b isoforms and of HMGA2 was determined by real-time semi-quantitative RT-PCR in 23 lung carcinomas. High expression of HMGA1 and HMGA2 at both mRNA and protein levels was detected in lung carcinomas, compared with normal lung tissue. Nuclear immunostaining for HMGA1 and 2 proteins also occurred in hyperplastic, metaplastic, and dysplastic bronchial epithelium. Increased nuclear expression of HMGA1 and 2 correlated with poor survival (for adenocarcinomas, HMGA1, p=0.006; HMGA2, p=0.05). While the expression of HMGA2 was significantly associated with cell proliferation (p=0.008), HMGA1 expression did not show any association with proliferation or apoptotic index. Sequencing of HMGA2 transcripts from tumours with very high expression showed a normal full-length transcript. As HMGA proteins were expressed in about 90% of lung carcinomas and their expression was inversely associated with survival, they may provide useful markers for lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Influence of radiologists' sex and training on fluoroscopy doses during barium enema.

Variables influencing radiation exposure were studied using analysis of covariance in 523 double contrast barium enemas performed by 21 radiology residents (12 female, 9 male). Dose-area products (DAPs) (ns), number of exposures per patient (p < 0.05) and screening times (p < 0.05) were higher for female residents (mean 52.0 Gy cm2, 9.55 exposures and 4.02 min, respectively) than for male residents (mean 41.7 Gy cm2, 8.26 exposures and 3.20 min, respectively). The number of lectures on radiation protection attended by the resident (range 0-20) had no significant effect on these radiation-related variables. Other factors explaining these variables were patient age, diagnosis and anteroposterior thickness. Radiologists' use of ionizing radiation during fluoroscopy may be sex-related. Traditional lecture-based education on radiation protection was not effective with this group; thus, improved methods should be developed to control doses.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Body burden of aluminum in relation to central nervous system function among metal inert-gas welders.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between elevated internal aluminum loads and central nervous system function was studied among aluminum welders, and the threshold level for adverse effect was defined. METHODS: For 65 aluminum welders and 25 current mild steel welders body burden was estimated, and the aluminum concentrations in serum (S-Al) and urine (U-Al) were analyzed with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction. Referents and low-exposure and high-exposure groups were defined according to an aggregated measure of aluminum body burden, the group median S-Al levels being 0.08, 0.14, and 0.46 micromol/l, respectively, and the corresponding values for U-Al being 0.4, 1.8, and 7.1 micromol/l. Central nervous system functions were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery, symptom and mood questionnaires, a visual and quantitative analysis of electroencephalography (EEG), and P3 event-related potentials with pitch and duration paradigms. RESULTS: Subjective symptoms showed exposure-related increases in fatigue, mild depression, and memory and concentration problems. Neuropsychological testing revealed a circumscribed effect of aluminum, mainly in tasks demanding complex attention and the processing of information in the working memory system and in the analysis and recall of abstract visual patterns. The visual EEG analysis revealed pathological findings only for aluminum welders. Mild, diffuse abnormalities were found in 17% of the low-exposure group and 27% of the high-exposure group, and mild to moderate epileptiform abnormalities at a frequency of 7% and 17%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both objective neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures and subjective symptomatology indicated mild but unequivocal findings dose-dependently associated with increased aluminum body burden. The study indicates that the body burden threshold for adverse effect approximates an U-Al value of 4-6 micromol/l and an S-Al value of 0.25-0.35 micromol/l among aluminum welders.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Global burden of disease and injury due to occupational factors.

We made estimates of absolute morbidity and mortality due to occupational factors for the world using all available published data as of 1994, and, where no data were available, applying the most appropriate (in terms of similar economy, race, and environment) age-/sex-/diagnosis-specific incidence and mortality rates to known working population distributions. We report results according to economic groupings determined by the World Bank (World Development Report, 1993) and disease and injury groupings according to The Global Burden of Disease project (1997). This was part of a larger study that estimated the total global disease burden. We present aggregate results and analyses by region and disease. We estimate that approximately 100,000,000 occupational injuries (100,000 deaths) and 11,000,000 occupational diseases (700,000 deaths) occur in the world each year. We regard these as very conservative estimates which, although unavoidably crude, can nevertheless provide a basis for health priority planning at global level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Age-dependent inclusion of sex chromosomes in lymphocyte micronuclei of man.

Two-color centromeric FISH was used to study the inclusion of the X and Y chromosomes in micronuclei of cultured lymphocytes from 10 men representing two age groups (21-29 years and 51-55 years). In addition, pancentromeric FISH was separately performed to identify any human chromosomes in micronuclei. One hundred micronuclei per probe were examined from each donor. A higher mean frequency of Y-positive micronuclei was observed in the older men than in the younger men. In both age groups, the X chromosome was micronucleated clearly more often than expected by chance, and the Y chromosome was overrepresented in micronuclei among the older men but not among the younger men. In lymphocytes of four women, X-positive micronuclei were more frequent than they were in men, even after the fact that women have two X chromosomes was taken into account. Similar results were obtained in first-division lymphocytes identified by cytochalasin-B-induced cytokinesis block. In comparison with normal cells, these binucleate cells showed a higher frequency (per 1,000 nuclei) of X-positive micronuclei (in the older men) but a lower frequency of micronuclei harboring autosomes or acentric fragments. In conclusion, the results show that both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome are preferentially micronucleated in male lymphocytes, the Y chromosome only in older subjects. Although the X chromosome has a general tendency to be included in micronuclei, it is micronucleated much more often in women than in men, which is probably the main reason for the high micronucleus frequency in women that has been documented in many previous studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Validity of self-reported physical work load in epidemiologic studies on musculoskeletal disorders.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the validity of self-reported physical work load by questionnaire and logbook against task analysis and observation. It also investigated factors (job type and low-back or neck pain) affecting the self-assessment of physical work load and compared the assessments between the questionnaire and the logbook. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire including 10 questions (ordinal scales) on physical work load and musculoskeletal symptoms was filled out by 2756 men in the forest industry. From this population, 36 men were selected for task analysis and observation. Logbooks including 10 continuous variables were analyzed for 386 men. RESULTS: The Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the self-assessments and observations for the frequency of manual handling, duration of trunk flexion, neck rotation, hand above shoulder level, and squatting or kneeling ranged between 0.42 and 0.55. The correlation coefficients for the questionnaire items were higher in general, and the accuracy better, for those with no low-back pain than for those with pain. The duration of trunk flexion, neck flexion and hand above shoulder level was overestimated in the questionnaires and less so in the logbooks. CONCLUSIONS: Self-administered questionnaires may help to classify groups with heterogeneous occupational tasks according to some work-load factors. The accuracy of the assessments is not good for studying quantitative exposure-effect relationships, however. The logbook method might give more valid information. The perception of musculoskeletal pain may bias the self-assessment of work load.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The treatment of acute low back pain--bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity?

BACKGROUND: Bed rest and back-extension exercises are often prescribed for patients with acute low back pain, but the effectiveness of these two competing treatments remains controversial. METHODS: We conducted a controlled trial among employees of the city of Helsinki, Finland, who presented to an occupational health care center with acute, nonspecific low back pain. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: bed rest for two days (67 patients), back-mobilizing exercises (52 patients), or the continuation of ordinary activities as tolerated (the control group; 67 patients). Outcomes and costs were assessed after 3 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: After 3 and 12 weeks, the patients in the control group had better recovery than those prescribed either bed rest or exercises. There were statistically significant differences favoring the control group in the duration of pain, pain intensity, lumbar flexion, ability to work as measured subjectively, the Oswestry back-disability index, and number of days absent from work. Recovery was slowest among the patients assigned to bed rest. The overall costs of care did not differ significantly among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with acute low back pain, continuing ordinary activities within the limits permitted by the pain leads to more rapid recovery than either bed rest or back-mobilizing exercises.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Rheumatoid factor and HLA antigens in wrist tenosynovitis and humeral epicondylitis.

A matched case-referent study was undertaken to assess whether rheumatoid factor (RF) is associated with repeating tenosynovitis or peritendinitis and whether HLA-B27 predisposes to epicondylitis. The study subjects consisted of 25 workers in manually strenuous jobs with a history of at least two episodes of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis in the wrist or forearm, or humeral epicondylitis, and their matched referents. The latex agglutination test was positive in seven of the 23 cases with tenosynovitis and in one of the referents (p = 0.03). The corresponding figures for IgM-RF by enzyme immunoassay were ten and two, respectively (p = 0.008). HLA-B27 antigen was found in five of the 13 workers with epicondylitis and in one worker with no such history (p = 0.13). It is possible that RF-positive repeating tenosynovitis represents an incomplete form of rheumatoid disease.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1994

Psychomotor capacity and occurrence of wrist tenosynovitis.

A case-referent study was carried out among meatcutters, sausage markers, and packers in a large meat-processing plant to investigate the association between psychomotor capacity and occurrence of tenosynovitis. Reaction time, movement time, manual dexterity, visual attention and visuospatial ability were measured in 26 cases with a history of two or more episodes of tenosynovitis and 26 referents of similar gender, occupation, age, and job seniority with no episodes of the disease. No differences were found between the cases and the referents in any of the tests of psychomotor capacity. The results suggest that psychomotor capacity, as measured with the tests of this study, is a poor predictor of wrist tenosynovitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Lung function impairment following mycoplasmal and other acute pneumonias.

We prospectively studied the lung function of 106 consecutive young patients with pneumonia. At the time of hospital admission we observed impaired spirometric function in 48% of the patients. During and following treatment, the frequency of abnormalities in pulmonary function tests decreased rapidly. However, at the 15th day of hospitalization, abnormal ventilatory function was still demonstrated in 21% of the patients. Such prolonged impairment of ventilatory function was significantly more likely to result from pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae than from forms caused by adenovirus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗

PubMed1991

Anencephaly and maternal common cold.

To study the risk of anencephaly related to common cold during pregnancy, a case-control study was made. The series comprised 393 Finnish mothers of anencephalic children and their time-area-matched controls in the period 1964 through 1982. Seventy mothers of anencephalic infants and 17 controls had reported common cold in the first trimester [adjusted odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval (2.2-9.1)]. Reported common cold in the second trimester was not associated with anencephaly. As suggested by our previous cohort study in the same population, a true viral influenza resembling "common cold" might not explain the observed association.

Anencephaly↗

PubMed1991

A life-long prospective study on the role of psychosocial factors in neck-shoulder and low-back pain.

The predictive value of psychosocial factors in the development of neck--shoulder and low-back symptoms was investigated in a life-long follow-up study of 154 subjects. Measurements taken in adolescence, such as intelligence, alexithymia (low verbal productivity in projective personality tests), social confidence, hobbies, and the socioeconomic status of the family, showed no consistent associations with neck--shoulder or low-back symptoms in adulthood. Of the variables recorded in adulthood, weak mental resources for promoting health (poor sense of coherence) were consistently associated with neck--shoulder pain, whereas low fundamental education predicted low-back symptoms. The results suggest that psychosocial factors in childhood have a minor role as direct predictors of later symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Prevalence of epicondylitis and elbow pain in the meat-processing industry.

To determine the etiologic role of strenuous manual tasks in relation to epicondylitis, three clinical cross-sectional examinations were performed on meatcutters (N = 102), sausage makers (N = 125), packers (N = 150), and workers in nonstrenuous tasks (N = 332). The workers in strenuous jobs reported elbow symptoms 1.6-1.8 times as often as those in nonstrenuous jobs. Female sausage makers also showed epicondylar tenderness more often than the women in nonstrenuous jobs. In all the cross-sectional examinations combined, seven cases (0.8%) of epicondylitis were detected in both the strenuous and nonstrenuous jobs. A control for the possible sources of bias (leaving the company, changing task, being on sick leave) did not suggest a marked loss of potential cases of epicondylitis. A major role of strenuous tasks in the etiology of epicondylitis was not shown. However, because the number of clinical cases was small, the power of the study was low.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Incidence of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis and epicondylitis in a meat-processing factory.

A 31-month follow-up study on the incidence of clinically ascertained tenosynovitis or peritendinitis in the hand and forearm regions and epicondylitis was conducted among 377 workers in strenuous manual jobs and 338 employees in manually nonstrenuous work in a large meat-processing factory. The clinical diagnosis of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis occurred 143 times and epicondylitis 68 times during the follow-up. The annual incidence of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis was less than 1% for employees in nonstrenuous jobs, 25.3% for female packers, 16.8% for female sausage makers, and 12.5% for male meatcutters. The annual incidence of epicondylitis was about 1% for employees in nonstrenuous jobs, 11.3% for female sausage markers, 7.0% for female packers, and 6.4% for male meatcutters. Workers typically resumed their jobs after returning from sick leave, and job transfers were rare.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1990

Influenza epidemics and anencephaly.

To explore the postulated association between maternal influenza and congenital defects of the central nervous system, 14 virologically verified epidemics in Finland, 1969-82, were studied. Mothers of 248 anencephalic children were grouped into those whose first trimester had occurred during an epidemic period and those whose pregnancy had commenced during a non-epidemic period. No significant differences in prevalence of anencephaly were noted in these groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Cardiovascular malformations, work attendance, and occupational exposures during pregnancy in Finland.

To explore for associations between occupational factors and cardiovascular malformations, information on the parents of 160 infants with cardiovascular malformations and 160 control parents was studied. The case infants had been reported consecutively to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations. All mothers were interviewed identically after delivery, using both open and pro forma questions about detailed work tasks, exposures, and leisure activities during pregnancy. The interview information was evaluated blindly. Neither parental occupational titles nor maternal working per se gave new clues to the teratogenic risk; nor did shift working, wearing of personal protective equipment, or the mother's own opinion on exposures during pregnancy. Identified occupational exposures, as categorized by an industrial hygienist, showed no remarkable associations to cardiovascular malformations. Few mothers were exposed substantially to specific occupational hazards. Comparing mothers who used medications in the first trimester with those who did not showed an odds ratio of 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.3-3.9) when adjusted for potential confounding by multivariate logistic methods.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1987

Plain radiographic, discographic, and direct observations of Schmorl's nodes in the thoracolumbar junctional region of the cadaveric spine.

The perceivability of Schmorl's nodes in plain radiographs and discograms in the thoracolumbar junctional region (T10-L1) of the cadaveric spine was assessed by comparing the radiologic measurements with bone measurements. Schmorl's nodes in bone specimens were encountered in 19 of 24 spines studied. They were more than two times as common between vertebrae T10-11 and T11-12 as between T12 and L1 (P less than 0.01). When the areas of actual Schmorl's nodes exceeded 0.5 cm2 (corresponding to an aperture with a diameter of 0.8 cm), 47% of the nodes were seen in plain lateral radiographs and 68% in discograms. When the area measured 0.5 cm2 or less, only 24% could be perceived in plain lateral radiographs and 23% in discograms. The clinical significance of Schmorl's nodes remains uncertain as long as they are difficult to detect in vivo.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Facet joint orientation, facet and costovertebral joint osteoarthrosis, disc degeneration, vertebral body osteophytosis, and Schmorl's nodes in the thoracolumbar junctional region of cadaveric spines.

The disc degeneration in the thoracolumbar junctional region (T10-L1) of 37 male cadaveric spines was recorded with the use of discography. From 24 of these spines the facet joint orientation and degenerative findings of the facet and costovertebral joints, vertebral bodies (osteophytosis) and discs, and Schmorl's nodes were recorded directly from bones. At T11-12, the most common site for the transitional zone between thoracic and lumbar facet type, there was a marked variation in the orientation of facets. The occurrence of degenerative findings and Schmorl's nodes at the three levels in the region differed. At T10-11, disc degeneration, vertebral body osteophytosis, and Schmorl's nodes were most common (anterior degeneration). At T12-L1, facet and costovertebral joint degeneration were dominant (posterior degeneration). At T11-12, disc degeneration, vertebral body osteophytosis, Schmorl's nodes, and facet and costovertebral joint degeneration all occurred (anterior and posterior degeneration). The results point to a pathoanatomic association between degenerative changes and facet orientation.

Adult↗