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Biomedical subjects

E Lichtenstein

Publications and source records attributed to E Lichtenstein.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

An in-depth analysis of male adolescent smokeless tobacco users: interviews with users and their fathers.

Male adolescent smokeless tobacco (ST) users (N = 191) were extensively interviewed, then followed over a 6-month period with monthly telephone interviews. In addition, their fathers (N = 137) were interviewed by telephone. Based on these data, ST use appears similar to cigarette smoking with respect to onset, patterns of use, social influences, attempts to quit, and indications of addiction. Onset and continued use of ST largely occur in a social context. Parents are reportedly aware (73%) of their sons' ST use but appear tolerant. The great majority of S's (92%) believe that there is some health risk associated with ST use. Over half report noticing ST-related changes in their oral cavities, although their dentists generally had not discussed ST use with them. Over one-third of the current users report unsuccessful quit attempts. ST use appears to be part of a more general pattern of substance use, including marijuana and alcohol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Debunking myths about self-quitting. Evidence from 10 prospective studies of persons who attempt to quit smoking by themselves.

This article examines data from 10 longterm prospective studies (N greater than 5,000) in relation to key issues about the self-quitting of smoking, especially those discussed by Schachter. When a single attempt to quit was evaluated, self-quitters' success rates were no better than those reported for formal treatment programs. Light smokers (20 or less cigarettes per day) were 2.2 times more likely to quit than heavy smokers. The cyclical nature of quitting was also examined. There was a moderate rate (mdn = 2.7%) of long-term quitting initiated after the early months (expected quitting window) of these studies, but also a high rate (mdn = 24%) of relapsing for persons abstinent for six months. The number of previous unsuccessful quit attempts was unrelated to success in quitting. Finally, there were few occasional smokers (slips) among successful long-term quitters. We argue that quitting smoking is a dynamic process, not a discrete event.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1989

Prediction of smoking relapse: analyses of temptations and transgressions after initial cessation.

Different types of "relapse crises" and associated coping responses were associated with the resumption of smoking using a prospective design. One hundred and two previously heavy smokers (M = 23.9 cigarettes a day) who achieved initial abstinence through a smoking cessation program were interviewed by telephone at 1, 2, and 3 months posttreatment. At each assessment, subjects described relapse crises, situations in which they were tempted to smoke or actually smoked but resumed abstinence (lapsed). Prospective analyses indicated that any smoking lapse is strongly related to subsequent relapse. Situational characteristics of relapse crises and the number of cognitive and behavioral coping responses reported during crises were only modestly consistent over time and were unrelated to later relapse. Confidence ratings and situational attributions about the relapse crises were also not prospectively associated with eventual relapse. Subanalyses suggested that lapses associated with urges and emotional (guilt) responses and lapses occurring in frequent situations are more likely to result in relapse.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Smoking.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1989

Smoking research: basic research, intervention, prevention, and new trends.

Smoking is a behavior that is influenced by a variety of factors that cut across methodologies, disciplines, and content areas within health psychology. The present article is designed to show the diversity and richness of smoking research by examining smoking from four perspective: basic laboratory research, intervention, prevention and deterrence, and new directions in smoking research. Methodologies that were derived from such varied sources as psychopharmacology, behavioral pharmacology, behavior therapy, clinical psychology, public health and health promotion, and social and developmental psychology have been used to study the smoking problem. The subject populations in these investigations ranged from animal models, to the individual smoker attempting to quit, to communities involved in health promotion and public health approaches. Future research should seek to provide new and improved examples of interdisciplinary research within the field of health psychology to multidisciplinary approaches from the basic and applied sciences.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Program adherence and coping strategies as predictors of success in a smoking treatment program.

Ninety-four participants in a 6-week behaviorally oriented smoking cessation program were administered weekly questionnaires assessing their use of the major program recommendations and other quitting strategies throughout treatment. An "affect-regulation" coping inventory was administered at the beginning and end of treatment as well. Adequate adherence was reported for most of the program recommendations. Although a composite measure of adherence did not predict quitting success, adherence and coping assessments were associated with maintenance of treatment gains. Short-term maintenance was associated with an extensive affect-regulation repertoire and use of "stimulus control" strategies during the program, and long-term maintenance was associated with consistent self-monitoring of smoking during treatment. These prospective findings highlight some behavioral characteristics that may be useful targets in future efforts to foster maintenance of smoking behavior change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Do smoking prevention programs really work? Attrition and the internal and external validity of an evaluation of a refusal skills training program.

This study investigated the effects of a smoking prevention program that emphasized refusal skills training on 1730 adolescents in three high schools and six middle schools. Classes within these schools were randomly assigned to treatment or no-treatment conditions to avoid confounding schools with treatment condition. The effects of attrition on the internal and external validity of the study were examined. Although the results indicated an apparent effect of the program at the 1-year follow-up in deterring continued smoking among those who were smoking at pretest, this result may have been due to a higher rate of attrition among high-rate smokers in the treatment condition than in the control condition. Attrition also affected external validity. Across both conditions, subjects who were smoking at pretest and who were at risk to smoke were more likely to be missing at follow-up. The program did have an effect on the refusal skills of participants and the validity of this effect was not jeopardized by differential attrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

How generalizable are the effects of smoking prevention programs? Refusal skills training and parent messages in a teacher-administered program.

This study investigated both substantive and methodological issues associated with school-based smoking prevention programs. Substantive issues included the efficacy of a refusal skills training curriculum and of parent messages mailed to students' homes. Methodological issues included the effects of assigning classrooms versus entire schools to experimental conditions and determination of the effects of attrition on internal and external validity. Results revealed differential impact for different subgroups of adolescents. The refusal skills program produced lower rates of smoking than the control condition for students who were smokers at the pretreatment assessment but may have produced detrimental effects among males who were nonsmokers at pretest. The provision of parent messages did not affect outcome. Method of assignment (schools versus classrooms) failed to produce significant effects, and attrition did not affect internal validity. However, the above differential findings, as well as the impact of attrition on external validity, raise questions concerning the generalizability of smoking prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Smokeless tobacco use among male adolescents: patterns, correlates, predictors, and the use of other drugs.

Questionnaire data from a sample of 3,023 adolescents indicated that over 60% of boys have tried smokeless tobacco, and 7% use it daily. Daily users reported an average of 5.3 uses per day. Among boys the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in the past 6 months (18.8%) was higher than that for cigarette use (10.4%). For 86% of boys, the initial use of smokeless tobacco occurred in a social setting with other boys. Split-sample discriminant analyses identified peer use of smokeless tobacco as a discriminator between users and nonusers. Male triers of smokeless tobacco were discriminated from those who had never tried it by whether they had also tried smoking, intended to smoke, or had peers who used smokeless tobacco. Nine-month longitudinal data indicated that onset of smokeless tobacco use was not well predicted. Among daily users, the initial rate of use was the best prospective predictor of rate of use at follow-up (r = 0.576). Smokeless tobacco use was related to the use of other drugs, with 83% of male daily users indicating concurrent use of alcohol, marijuana, and/or cigarettes (tau = 0.354, 0.210, and 0.284, respectively). The use of smokeless tobacco was a prospective risk factor for the onset or increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Some methodological cautions in the use of the Tolerance Questionnaire.

Both factor analysis and internal consistency analyses indicate that the items of the Tolerance Questionnaire do not form a unidimensional measure of an underlying construct. Implications of these findings are discussed. The importance of considering smoking rate, one of the scales' eight items, when interpreting validity correlations is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Smoking onset among teens: an empirical analysis of initial situations.

This study attempted to identify factors associated with smoking onset among teens. It was hypothesized that initial cigarette smoking is largely prompted by peers, and that these prompts and subsequent social reinforcement may account for smoking participation. An in-depth structured interview investigating the first three smoking or smoking pressure experiences was conducted with 157 teens, including persistent experimental smokers (who smoked more than 10 cigarettes), minimal experimental smokers (who smoked less than 10 cigarettes), and nonsmokers. Analyses confirmed that prompting by peers is characteristic of a large majority of smoking onset situations. Initial situations are much more likely to involve others of the same sex. In roughly half of the incidents another young person was trying a cigarette for the first time. Persistent experimenters, when compared with minimal experimenters, were exposed to significantly more influences to smoke. These influences included modeling and social encouragement. Additional data suggested that persistent experimenters were more primed to smoke than minimal experimenters. For example, they had engaged in more premeditation, accepted offers to smoke with less hesitation, and inhaled more frequently. Also, pleasant emotional and physiological effects discriminated continuers from quitters. Nonsmokers appeared to possess more effective response strategies to refuse cigarettes. Implications of these data for prevention program design are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Chewing tobacco use by adolescents: prevalence and relation to cigarette smoking.

The prevalence of teenage smokeless tobacco use and its relation to cigarette smoking was studied. Nine percent of 7th grade boys and 20% of 9th and 10th grade boys reported daily use. There was very little regular chewing among girls although about 20% reported having tried it. There was a strong association between smoking and chewing among 7th graders but only a weak association among 9th and 10th graders. Boys who chew tended to have friends who chew and/or smoke. The data suggested that chewing is affected by peer social influence processes in a manner similar to smoking.

Adolescent↗