Biomedical subjects

F Elsner

Publications and source records attributed to F Elsner.

17 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

[Treatment discontinuation and obligation to treat: an extended model for the decision-making process].

Social developments and medical progress in the last decades have led to a significant change of values in medicine, which spans from the cornerstone of the patient's autonomy to the increasingly difficult decision-making process related to available medical treatments. This conflict exaggerates with end-of-life situations, where a purely palliative approach to the therapy is applied, or in cases of reduced ability for patient's consent. From a legal point of view, many uncertainties have been clarified in recent years. The patient's autonomy has been strengthened, however, the law requires the doctor to review and carefully balance the treatment options so that a new and modified patient-doctor relationship is often necessary in this difficult decision-making process. The doctor should no longer retreat into the classical role of a neutral advisor and leave the complete responsibility of medical decisions to the patient. Instead, in order for the patient to be able to make a balanced and individually tailored autonomous decision, the doctor needs to bring in his medical expertise along with his own personal experiences and personal opinions, as long as he clearly differentiates between personal and professional views. This way the patient will be empowered to make complex medical decisions, considering his personal situation and previous experiences as well as his own set of values. For complex situations medical practitioners can find support from reflection within the treatment team, or through an external ethical advisory panel. Algorithms can be helpful to illustrate the steps in a decision-making process and thus support medical staff in situations of difficult medical decisions.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Oral controlled-release oxycodone for the treatment of chronic pain. Data from 4196 patients].

Oral controlled-release oxycodone has been available for the treatment of chronic pain in Germany since 1998. Controlled trials have shown good clinical efficacy and tolerability. This survey reports results from six open prospective multicenter trials. In these trials 4196 patients suffering from cancer pain and non-cancer-related pain with inadequate pain relief were treated with oral controlled-release oxycodone for 3-4 weeks. Only a few participating physicians were pain specialists. A total of 356 patients suffering from pain of the musculoskeletal system and receiving oxycodone therapy were monitored for 6 months. Exclusion from the studies was due mainly to inadequate analgesia, side effects, and noncompliance. The efficacy of oxycodone was rated to be better than moderate by most of the patients, quality of life parameters increased significantly, and patient satisfaction was high. The treatment with oral controlled-release oxycodone was a safe and effective option even when used by nonspecialized physicians.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

[Efficacy of opioid analgesia at the superior cervical ganglion in neuropathic head and facial pain].

The efficacy of ganglionic local opioid analgesia (GLOA) at the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was retrospectively investigated in 74 consecutive patients with neuropathic pain in the head and face region. It was possible to retrospectively analyze the short-term and medium-term treatment results in 64 of 74 patients. The long-term effect was subsequently determined using a standardized questionnaire. The short-term analgesic effect of the first blockade by GLOA was significant with a mean pain reduction of 52% (p < 0.001). Within a span of 20 min the mean pain intensity decreased from 65 to 28 on a visual analogue scale. A clinically relevant pain reduction (> or = 30%) was observed in 73% of the patients. The proportion of responders (pain reduction > or = 50%) was 59% after the first blockade. Patients with zoster or trigeminal neuralgia experienced greater pain relief than patients with atypical facial pain or longer lasting postzoster neuralgia. During the course of the blockade series with an average duration of 33 days, a significant medium-term pain reduction of 30% was noted. In the first 3 treatment days, the level of continuous pain declined from 6.3 to 4.3 on a numerical rating scale. Short-term responders reported a better medium-term pain reduction than nonresponders. After 3 years (range: 5 months to 6 years), 21% of 52 patients remained free of pain. The other patients reported often only minimal residual pain or a decrease of pain severity and duration. According to these results, GLOA at the SCG can represent a suitable and simple treatment option for neuropathic facial pain.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Assessing cognition and psychomotor function under long-term treatment with controlled release oxycodone in non-cancer pain patients.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic use of opioids can be associated with altered cognition and impaired psychomotor function. Several studies have demonstrated the impact of opioid therapy on psychomotor performance and cognition, but no data exist about the effect of long-term treatment with controlled release oxycodone (CRO) on driving ability. METHODS: Thirty patients suffering from chronic non-cancer pain who had been treated with stable doses of CRO where included in a prospective trial and compared with 90 healthy volunteers (matched pairs). A computerized test battery that was developed to assess the driving ability of traffic delinquents in Germany was employed. Attention reaction, visual orientation, motor coordination and vigilance were evaluated. The data from a total of 11 parameters were assessed and for each test a relevant score was defined. As the primary endpoint the sum score of the three relevant scores was determined. A weaker statistical means to assess the patients' performance is to compare the test results with an age-independent control group. Individuals performing worse than the 16th percentile of this control group are considered to be unable to drive according to German legislation. RESULTS: Significant non-inferiority could not be demonstrated for the primary endpoint. However, driving ability as defined as a result above the 16th percentile did not differ significantly between the patients receiving CRO and the age-independent control group. CONCLUSION: The use of CRO does not prohibit driving, but individual assessment is necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Palliative pain therapy, cannabinoids].

Cancer pain treatment should follow the recommendations of the World Health Organisation. Treatment should be with oral application, regular application times and following the analgesic step-ladder. Non-opioids such as dipyrone or non-steroids are used for slight to moderate pain, step-2 opioids such as tramadol or tilidine/naloxone for moderate pain and step-3 opioids such as morphine, oxycodone or hydromorphone for severe pain. Transdermal application of fentanyl or buprenorphine offer a non-invasive parenteral alternative for patients with stable pain syndromes. Cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol offer a valuable add-on option for cancer patients with refractory pain, spasticity, nausea or appetite loss.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2005

Intravenous versus subcutaneous morphine titration in patients with persisting exacerbation of cancer pain.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer pain with initially adequate analgesia under oral sustained-release opioid medication may suffer from persisting pain exacerbations. Sometimes even fast help is needed and then optimally performed by intravenous application (IVA) of immediate-release (IR) opioids. This IVA, however, may only be performed by physicians in Germany. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to find out if subcutaneous application of IR-opioids might be an adequate alternative to IVA in persisting pain exacerbations of patients with cancer pain because this could be performed by the nursing staff in Germany as well. DESIGN: An open randomized controlled trial was used to compare intravenous versus subcutaneous morphine titration in persisting pain exacerbations in patients with cancer pain. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Thirty-nine patients with cancer (21 intravenously, 18 subcutaneously) of the pain management department of the university hospital of Cologne, Germany were included into the study. MEASUREMENTS: Calculated from preexisting analgesic medication boli of morphine were given every 5 minutes (intravenously) or 30 minutes (subcutaneously) up to adequate analgesia or intolerable side effects. Pain intensity, nausea, sedation, and some vital parameters were documented before the start, after each application and at the end of titration. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were pretreated with oral opioids, 4 patients with nonopioid analgesics. Six patients stopped titration because of intolerable side effects (sedation, vomiting). Thirty patients (77%) reported at least sufficient pain reduction, 3 patients were free of pain (intravenously). Mean pain intensity decreased on a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-100) from 83 to 32 (intravenously) and from 68 to 42 (subcutaneously). Morphine doses ranged from 4 mg to 32 mg (intravenously; mean, 18.5 +/- 9.2 mg) and from 10 mg to 200 mg (subcutaneously mean, 57.9 +/- 59.6 mg). Mean time up to adequate analgesia was 53 (intravenously) 77 min (subcutaneously), respectively. There was no change in vital parameters but an increase of sedation in both groups. The adaptation of the continuous analgesic medication resulted in a stable and lasting pain relief after 4 days in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous and subcutaneous-morphine titration are adequate to antagonize persisting pain exacerbations in cancer pain patients quickly and to adapt the continuous opioid analgesic medication.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[What is the profile of palliative care in Germany. Results of a representative survey].

Since 1996 a working group of palliative care physicians has been developing a core documentation for palliative facilities. The data on a total of 1304 patients were collected in 2001. Treatment in palliative care units was provided for 531 patients until their death (Pat-V), 604 patients could be discharged home, and 169 patients were transferred to other facilities (Pat-E). Infusion therapy, physical therapy, positioning and mobilization, together with counseling and social services were initiated in more than 30% of the patients, while specific measures such as ascites or pleura puncture were instituted in less than 10%. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, urinary catheter, physical therapy, mobilization, positioning, psychotherapy, and social services were documented more frequently in the Pat-E group than in the Pat-V group. Chemotherapy was started in only 35 patients and radiotherapy in only 31 patients while they were in the palliative care unit. Parenteral nutrition, infusion therapy, wound management, and counseling were documented more frequently in the Pat-V group. Advanced directives were available for 9,9% of the patients omission or discontinuation of therapies was documented for 28,1%. Specific indications for the quality of palliative care provided could not be identified with the documentation instruments applied. The core documentation does however furnish data from a representative sample of in-patient palliative care in Germany, which can be used as a comparative data pool for other studies and quality assurance measures.

Death↗

PubMed2003

[The Cologne internet-manual of pain therapy--33 months online, experiences and evaluation].

OBJECTIVE: The improvement of ambulant treatment for patients with chronic headache or cancer pain. METHODS: Distribution of accepted guidelines and standards by means of the internet in order to make this knowledge known among general practitioners and to give patients better access to this information. RESULTS: We have built an internet manual about the treatment of chronic headache and cancer pain. About 9100 readers accessed the manual during a period of 33 months. The manual has been completely downloaded 279 times. Physicians and patients very often used search engines to access the manual in their search for information about headache. The terms "migraine" and "tension type headache" were looked up the most. CONCLUSIONS: It is worthwhile editing medical information for use on the internet and thus making it available to the public.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed2002

[Application of guidelines for the treatment of headache and cancer pain by private practitioners].

In a regional pain management network in Cologne, sponsored by the German Ministry of Health, structures of outpatient pain treatment in general practice and the adherence to pain management guidelines were examined. The 3-year project was divided into a 1-year observational period to analyze the present state of outpatient pain management followed by a 2-year period of interventions such as consultations and educational training programs in pain treatment. Eighty physicians with different specializations working in general practice took part in the network. The knowledge of and adherence to the guidelines for the treatment of headache and cancer pain were examined by questionnaire surveys and six simulated patient cases. These investigations were performed yearly from 1997 to 2000. The adherence to the guidelines for the treatment of headache and cancer pain by the physicians participating in the network was low. The levels achieved for simulated cases of headache were higher than for cancer pain. The results of simulated patient cases from the beginning and the end of the project were available for comparison for 28 physicians. Evaluation of the physicians' assessment of the simulated patient cases increased only fractionally and was not significant in headache patients (median change of 0.67) and cancer pain patients (median change of 0.17). The network interventions resulted in a slight improvement in the knowledge of and attitudes to the treatment of headache and cancer pain as judged by simulated patient cases. This improvement, however, did not reach statistical significance. The small number of physicians answering at the beginning and at the end of the project made it difficult to draw a general conclusion on whether the interventions had led to an improvement in outpatient pain management in a larger group of physicians.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Tetrahydrocannabinol for treatment of chronic pain].

INTRODUCTION: Even in the last century cannabis was used in the treatment of chronic pain. The main active component of cannabis Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been increasingly used in the treatment of nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and depression. It is also recommended in the treatment of chronic pain. We present our first experiences with THC in the treatment of patients with chronic pain. METHODS: All patients treated with THC in the period from February 1998 until January 2000 were evaluated. Pain relief and side effects of THC were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: In the period of investigation 6 patients had been treated with THC because of chronic pain. Dosages between 5 and 20 mg/d had been used. A sufficient pain relief had been achieved in three patients. The other three suffered from intolerable side effects such as nausea, dizziness and sedation without a reduction of pain intensity. In these cases the treatment was continued with other analgesics. CONCLUSION: This retrospective evaluation of 6 case reports of patients treated with THC showed large individual differences in the effectiveness of THC in pain management. Prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the importance THC in the treatment of chronic pain.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[MIDOS--validation of a minimal documentation system for palliative medicine].

INTRODUCTION: Repeated assessment of pain and other symptoms is required for quality assurance in palliative care. However, physical and cognitive impairment of the patients may impede the use of standardized questionnaires and documentation systems in palliative care setting. We developed a minimal documentation system (MIDOS) for the specific requirements in this setting. METHODS: The German versions of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the quality of life questionnaire SF-12 were completed for all patients admitted to the palliative care unit. Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). With admission as well as on subsequent consultations patients self-assessed average and maximum pain intensity on numeric rating scales and the intensity of drowsiness, nausea, constipation, dyspnea, weakness, anxiety and well-being on verbal categorical scales. RESULTS: From August 1998 to June 1999 128 patients were documented consecutively. Fifty-nine percent of these patients were treated with WHO-step 3 opioids. Cognitive impairment (MMSE<24) was present in 37% of the patients. Self-assessment with MIDOS was possible for 114 patients at the time of admission, and for 108 patients at the end of therapy. Pain, drowsiness and weakness were documented by most patients, whereas the other symptoms were reported less frequently. DISCUSSION: Factor analysis showed one factor for pain and two factors for the other symptoms. The pain sum score of MIDOS correlated with the factors of the BPI, the symptom sum score of MIDOS correlated with the factors of the BPI and the mental sum score of the SF-12, though on a lower level. MIDOS sum scores showed good pain relief and symptom control for patients discharged home or to other services, whereas the symptom sum score gave an indication of the deterioration in the terminal phase for those patients who died during in-patient treatment. Test-retest stability was good for a subgroup of patients with stable opioid doses. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that MIDOS is a valid instrument for self-assessment of the patient's symptoms and may be used to monitor the efficacy of symptom management.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2000

[MIDOS--an electronic database for the palliative care unit].

INTRODUCTION: A minimal documentation system (MIDOS) has been developed for self-assessment of pain and other symptoms by the patients on palliative care units. To decrease the administrative burden and thereby increase the acceptance of the system an electronic database was developed to facilitate data entry and documentation. SYSTEM: The database is based on Microsoft Access. Screen masks are used for navigation and data entry. According to the type of data items may be chosen in checklists or pull-down menus or entered as free text. The main menu documents personal data from the patient. Submenus can be reached from the main screen mask. Submenus included are the core documentation of the working group of the German Ministry of Health, the German versions of the Brief Pain Inventory, the quality of life questionnaire SF-12 and the Mini Mental State Examination for assessment of cognitive impairment. Data from these instruments may be assessed repeatedly for the same patient. Documentation of follow-up consultations include self-assessment of pain and other symptoms by the patient (MIDOS) and the analgesic regimen. These informations should be documented for each consultation. CONCLUSION: This data base was used in two trials on the palliative care unit of the university of Cologne, confirming data safety and convenience of the programme. We recommend the use of this data base in combination with MIDOS and the core documentation for routine assessment on the palliative care ward.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2000

[Emergency pain treatment--ambulatory intravenous morphine titration in a patient with cancer pain].

Even when the guidelines for cancer pain management are followed, acute severe pain requiring immediate treatment will occur in some patients. Titration with intravenous morphine may provide fast and efficient pain relief and give an indication of the amount of opioid necessary for continuous treatment. In cooperation with a general practitioner we performed an intravenous morphine titration in a patient with severe cancer pain at home. Adequate analgesia was reached with 20 mg intravenous morphine. Blood pressure, cardiac frequency and oxygen saturation did not change. No side effects were reported during the titration, and the previous regimen with tramadol 150 mg per day was switched to slow release morphine 300 mg per day. This medication was prescribed by the general practitioner and provided good pain relief until the patient died two weeks later. We conclude that intravenous morphine titration may be performed even in cancer patients at home, adequate monitoring, however, should be available.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Deficits in the treatment of chronic pain (I)].

Pain management by general practitioners often is inadequate. Guidelines for pain management are either not observed or not known at all. Opioids are not prescribed adequately. Differential diagnoses influencing the therapeutic regimen such as drug-induced headache are not sufficiently known. Monotherapies with analgesic drugs are enforced for patients with chronic lower back pain in spite of low efficacy. Improving pain management can be difficult for the general practitioner having no special knowledges or support from pain specialists. However, the general practitioner should remain the patient-coordinator for the patient with chronic pain. Networks with general practitioners and specialised units in the hospital may offer possibilities for improvement of pain management deficits.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2000

[Deficits in the treatment of chronic pain. 2. Possibilities for improvement through the Pain Therapy Ambulant Network (STAN)].

In a regional pain management network in Cologne, the pain clinic of the department of anaesthesiology and the departments of psychosomatic medicine and of informatics, statistics and epidemiology have been cooperating with the regional board of physicians and more than 80 general practitioners since 1996. The program is sponsored by the German Ministry of Health. In this network, guidelines for the management of chronic pain have been implemented for outpatient care in the last three years. Results from the first year confirm the high level of distress of patients with chronic pain. Consultation and education offered by the coordinating office and in training courses were accepted by the practitioners in variable degrees. Some physicians requested consultations frequently while including only a few patients in the study documentation, while other physicians requested consultations rarely and assessed many patients. Participating physicians were also asked to provide analgesic regimens for constructed case reports with chronic headache or cancer pain. The evaluation of these prescriptions showed poor adherence to analgesic guidelines.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1999

[Switching opioids to transdermal fentanyl in a clinical setting].

INTRODUCTION: The use of transdermal fentanyl is gaining in importance in the management of cancer pain. We describe the reasons for switching opioid medication to transdermal fentanyl in a pain management unit. METHODS: Case records of patients treated with transdermal fentanyl in our pain clinic were evaluated retrospectively. Conversion ratios were calculated from the opioid dosage before and after conversion. Pain intensities were assessed on a numeric rating scale (NRS 0: no pain, 10: worst pain imaginable). RESULTS: From October 1995 to December 1997 101 patients received transdermal fentanyl. Thirty-six patients had been treated with transdermal fentanyl before admission to our pain clinic, and relevant information was missing for one patient, so 64 patients were evaluated. Opioid therapy was switched to transdermal fentanyl during in-patient treatment for 53 patients and during out-patient treatment for 11 patients. Before conversion patients were treated with slow-release morphine (48%), immediate-release morphine (17%), buprenorphine (11%), tramadol (11%), levomethadone (5%), tilidine/naloxone (5%) and piritramid (3%). Reasons for opioid rotation were inadequate pain relief ( 33%), the patients' wish to reduce oral medication (20%), gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea (31%), vomiting (13%) and constipation (19%), dysphagia (27%) or others. Reduction of side effects was reported by 10 of 19 patients. In 12 of 21 patients, in whom the medication was switched because of inadequate pain relief, a reduction in pain intensity was reported. DISCUSSION: Conversion to transdermal therapy may readjust the balance between opioid analgesia and side effects. The opioid switch resulted in more pain relief or fewer side effects in half of the patients. A proposed equianalgesic conversion ratio between 70:1 and 100:1 from oral slow-release morphine to transdermal fentanyl can be confirmed by our data. Conversion rates from other opioids to transdermal fentanyl are suggested.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1998

A retrospective study of the effects of small-dose aprotinin on blood loss and transfusion needs during total hip arthroplasty.

Aprotinin is a proteinase inhibitor that reduces blood loss in total hip arthroplasty when administered in large doses. Little is known about the capability of smaller doses of aprotinin in reducing blood loss and transfusion needs in this surgical setting. We reviewed the medical records of 372 patients who had undergone unilateral primary total hip arthroplasty under general anaesthesia during a 6-year period (1989 to 1994) at our institution. Successively, 193 patients had and 179 patients had not received aprotinin in a dose of 20,000 kallikrein inhibitor units per kilogram body weight intravenously before surgery. Neither the volume of red blood cells lost nor that of red blood cells transfused during hospitalization differed significantly between the patients who had and those who had not received aprotinin (520 +/- 406 vs. 549 +/- 394 mL and 463 +/- 379 vs. 475 +/- 367 mL; P = 0.49 and P = 0.76 respectively). These results suggest that small-dose aprotinin was not effective in reducing blood loss and transfusion needs in patients undergoing unilateral primary total hip replacement.

Aged↗