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Biomedical subjects

F H Schroeder

Publications and source records attributed to F H Schroeder.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Grading of prostatic cancer (I): An analysis of the prognostic significance of single characteristics.

This paper contains the first part of an attempt to quantitate the impact on prognosis of various parameters used in grading of prostatic cancer. Out of 346 patients of Elmer Belts series, 113 were identified whose tumors showed homogeneity with respect to single characteristics of a total of 12 parameters applied for grading in Mostofi's system. By this procedure it was possible to eliminate the possible influence on prognosis of the presence of several tumor formations within the same tumor. By using overall and intercurrent death corrected survival as end points, the impact of each of the 12 parameters on prognosis was studied. Only the architecture of the tumor (the parameter "glands"), variation in size and shape of the nucleus (anaplasia), and grade significantly influenced overall survival. In addition, corrected survival was significantly dependent on the amount of tumor seen and on the presence of mitoses. Subsequently, an attempt was made to replace "grade" by single parameters which had been shown previously to be of prognostic significance. It turned out that this was not possible. Grade is largely dependent on architecture and nuclear pleomorphism, but neither one of these parameters alone can reproduce "grade." Multivariate analysis was next used to further determine the prognostic weight of the individual parameter, and, if possible, to construct a new, more efficient grading system. These results will be reported separately [8]. It is unknown at the present time what the impact of several architectural formations within the same tumor on prognosis may be. The number of different formations found ranges from 1 to 4 in this material; 668 different formations belonging to 346 tumors were graded. The results of this analysis will be reported in part two of this series of papers [7].

Cell Nucleolus↗
PubMed1985

Grading of prostatic cancer: II. The prognostic significance of the presence of multiple architectural patterns.

This second report in a series of three deals with the prognostic importance of the presence of multiple, histologically identifiable architectural patterns in prostatic carcinomas. In the previous paper three of 12 parameters studied were identified as being prognostically significant in patients with single architectural patterns (formations) present in their tumors. The three parameters are nuclear anaplasia, architecture ("glands"), and mitoses, if present. The questions of whether "the worst part of a tumor determines prognosis" or "the presence of differentiated formations improves prognosis" are investigated by applying these parameters to patients with multiple tumor formations. Overall and corrected survival served as parameters. It was shown that the parameters shown to be of importance for prognosis in tumors with single formations also have significant influence in patients with multiple formations. The worst formation determines prognosis, but patients with poorly differentiated tumors do significantly worse if their tumor is homogeneous. The presence of better-differentiated formations improves the prognosis of the worst formation. The observations made are discussed in view of the histopathogenesis of prostatic cancer.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1985

Grading of prostatic cancer: III. Multivariate analysis of prognostic parameters.

This work is based on the two previous publications which are concerned with grading prostatic carcinoma. In the present communication the technique of multivariate analysis is applied to quantify the prognostic importance of parameters which were earlier identified as contributing in a significant manner to grading. The results of this analysis are used to construct a scoring system which differentiates five significantly different prognostic groups. When compared to the results of grading, the new system is shown to be superior. The large group of 228 patients with G2 tumors can be split into three groups, each with a significantly different prognosis. The correlation of the scoring system to local tumor extension (pT category) is described. Recommendations for grading of prostatic carcinoma resulting from this work are the following: Only three independent parameters are of significance for grading prostatic cancer: tumor architecture, nuclear anaplasia, and the presence or absence of mitoses. The combination of these parameters in a scoring system identifies five separate prognostically different groups. The separation achieved by this new system is superior to conventional grading and is suggested for grading prostatic cancer.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

New surgical treatment for Peyronie disease.

Five patients with Peyronie disease were treated successfully with a surgical technique derived from Nesbit's technique for the treatment of congenital curvature of the penis. Excision of ellipses of tunica albuginea from the convex side of the penis as described by Nesbit was not done, but instead the tunica was reeved with nonresorbable sutures to achieve straightening. The surgical technique combined with prior radiotherapy was successfully applied to patients with severe forms of Peyronie disease. More experience is necessary to establish the value of the proposed treatment concept.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Effects of long-term catheter implantation on the contractile and histological properties of the canine bladder.

In beagles, a bladder catheter was surgically implanted and subvesical obstruction was artificially introduced. After 3 months a striking reduction in detrusor contractility measured in vitro was observed, which was associated with a presumptive reduction in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in the muscle cells and a probable reduction in the mean cell size. In this model the contribution of the catheter to the changes is greater than that of the subvesical obstruction.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1984

Treatment response criteria for prostatic cancer.

Response criteria for phase II and phase II trials of prostate carcinoma patients of the EORTC Genito Urinary-Group are described. These criteria, initially closely related to National Prostatic Cancer Project criteria, have gone through a development into the direction of more stringency. Admission of patients to phase II trials is now restricted to those showing objectively measurable lesions, excluding bone metastases. World Health Organization criteria are applied to these patients. For phase III trials, progression to Metastatic TNM system status, time to progression, and duration of survival are recommended as end points. Measurable marker lesions, as for phase II trials and subjective and nonspecific response criteria, are accepted as parameters for progression. Response usually is not evaluated in these studies. Based on recent literature and personal experiences, the author suggests that serum acid phosphatase (SPAP) and volume changes of the primary tumor can be used as indicators for response under certain conditions. There is obviously a great need for further development of objective response criteria for prostatic cancer patients.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Treatment of prostatic cancer: the EORTC experience--preliminary results of prostatic carcinoma trials.

Six prospective studies in the field of prostatic carcinoma have been carried out to date by the EORTC Urological Group. In three phase II studies, adriamycin, procarbazine, vindesine, and mitomycin C have been studied. Two of the three protocols have been completed. In three phase III studies, 3 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES) is compared to cyproterone acetate (CPA), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and Estramustin phosphate (Estracyt). These two protocols have been closed to entry. The current protocol compares DES, 1 mg, to castration and to cyproterone acetate plus castration. From the phase II studies, no drug has emerged that is recommended for treatment of hormone-resistant prostatic cancer. The endocrine protocols, designed for the primary treatment of T3, T4, and M1 carcinoma of the prostate, have resulted in several important observations. Responses to DES, 3 mg/day, and to Estracyt were very similar and amounted to 25-30%. There was somewhat less objective response in the CPA and significantly less (P = 0.005) in the MPA group. It has become evident that DES at a dosage of 3 mg/day carries a significantly higher risk of overall cardiovascular toxicity than does cyproterone acetate, but severe cardiovascular complications did not differ between treatment groups. Up to now, no differences in survival were observed within the different treatment groups. Grade, local tumor extension, and performance were found to have a significant impact on survival.

Castration↗
PubMed1984

The use of steroid-containing Silastic implants in male nude mice: plasma hormone levels and the effect of implantation on the weights of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles.

The effects of implantation of steroid-containing capsules into male nude mice on steroid concentrations in plasma and weight of accessory sex organs were studied. Intact male nude mice had plasma levels of testosterone (T) of 8.0 +/- 2.4 ng/ml, while T implantation (length 1.0 cm) of a group with castrated male mice resulted in a mean level of 8.1 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. This level was reached within 2 days after implantation and lasted for at least 40 days. After longer periods of application (up to 75 days) physiological levels could still be attained. Treatment of intact male nude mice with estradiol (E2)-containing implants (length 0.5 cm) resulted in constant levels of plasma-E2 (250 pg/ml) also lasting for at least 32 days. This treatment resulted in a mean plasma-T level of 1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, which was still significantly higher than that obtained after castration (0.14 +/- 0.03 ng/ml). Up to 16 days after implantation E2 did not cause a decrease of the weights of the accessory sex glands in intact male mice, while after 32 days a significant reduction (50% of the control animals) of the organ weights was observed. The present data obtained with T and E2 implantation show that this route of administration of hormones is also very applicable in the nude mouse model.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Determination of the growth rate of human prostatic cells in primary culture by a morphometric technique.

A morphometric technique, based on the measurement of the area of individual cell colonies and of its increase in time, was applied to study the rate of proliferation of human prostatic cells in vitro. The reliability of the method was checked by determination of the growth rate of cultures of the continuous cell line PC93 by the morphometrical technique as well as by counting of the cell number. No significant difference was found in the population doubling times measured by either of these methods. It was therefore concluded that the morphometrical technique could be applied also to study the growth rate of primary cultures of prostatic epithelial cells, in which counting of the cell number is generally impossible. The results showed that, with primary cultures derived from hyperplastic prostates and prostatic carcinomas as well as from the prostatic tumor line PC82, rapid growth occurred during the first two or three days of culture; measurements performed at a later time appeared to be less reliable. It was demonstrated by the effect of serum deprivation on the growth of PC82 cells that the technique described here is, in principle, suitable to monitor the effect of various agents on the growth of cells in primary culture. The method is non-destructive and requires minimal amounts of tissue; it may be applied especially to cultures that cannot be dispersed easily into single cell suspensions.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Urogenital tract abnormalities associated with congenital anorectal anomalies.

Of 150 children with congenital anorectal malformations 50 per cent had urogenital abnormalities. Vesicoureteral reflux was noted in 47 per cent of the children with a supralevator and in 35 per cent with an infralevator lesion. A urinary tract evaluation is recommended in all children with congenital anorectal anomalies.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1982

Secretion into and elimination from blood circulation of prostate specific acid phosphatase, measured by radioimmunoassay.

The concentration of prostate specific acid phosphatase (PAP) was significantly higher in serum specimens from prostatic venous plexus blood than from peripheral venous blood in 6 patients operated upon because of benign prostatic hypertrophy. This suggests that normally circulating PAP is secreted via the prostatic venous plexus. We also investigated the disappearance of PAP from the circulation after total prostatectomy and staging pelvic lymphadenectomies in 5 patients with nonmetastazing prostatic cancer and in 1 patient with bladder cancer. During the postmaximum period, serum PAP concentrations declined, following 2-exponential curves, the 1st mean half life of elimination being 1.2 hours (range 0.5--2.5 hours). It is possible that PAP released from the prostate during the operation was eliminated during the 1st period. The 2nd half life was found to be remarkably long (mean = 281 hours), and it may represent PAP bound by serum protein(s).

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1982

Transrectal ultrasonography in the followup of prostatic carcinoma patients.

Prostatic volume was determined by transrectal ultrasonography before and after castration in 13 patients, and after radiotherapy in 24. Measurements were done after 1, 2 and 3 months, and subsequently at 3-month intervals. Significant volume reductions occurred in the castration and radiation groups within 3 months. The decrease in prostatic volume was significantly more pronounced in the castration group during the entire study (p less than or equal to 0.01). Patients with enlargement of the prostate predominantly owing to benign prostatic hypertrophy also had a decrease in volume. No increase in prostatic volume after initial reduction was encountered for up to 9 months. In several cases progression of metastases occurred with no increase in the volume of the primary tumor. Followup may be too short to encounter local recurrence after radiotherapy or hormone-independent growth after castration. Proctitis after radiotherapy created artifacts that probably led to inaccurate measurements with ultrasonography. The technique provides a new, accurate parameter for followup of conservatively treated prostatic cancer patients. The clinical importance of the technique still remains to be determined.

Castration↗
PubMed1981

The surface character of separated prostatic cells and cultured fibroblasts of prostatic tissue as determined by concanavalin-A hemadsorption.

Con-A-coated human type O red blood cells (indicator RBC) were used for ConA reactivity assay of separated epithelial cells and cultured fibroblasts of human prostatic tissue. The epithelial cells of carcinoma showed higher reactivity than those of normal tissue or hyperplastic tissue. Although both cultured fibroblasts of PC and BPH are considered to be non-malignant, it is clearly demonstrated that the PC fibroblasts have a malignant surface character in terms of ConA reactivity, whereas the BPH fibroblasts have a quite low ConA reactivity. ConA-mediated HAD appeared to be a useful tool to distinguish malignant epithelial cells of human prostate from non-malignant ones. It still remains unknown whether the alteration of PC fibroblasts is the cause or the result of carcinogenic transformation of prostatic tissue.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1981

The role of lymphangiography in the staging of prostatic cancer.

Lymphangiography and staging lymphadenectomy were performed in 36 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The accuracy of lymphangiography was 75% with a specificity of 79% and a sensitivity of 67%. The results of nodal metastases in relation to grade and stage of the tumor are compared with literature. Applications for lymphangiography in prostatic cancer are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Human prostatic adenocarcinoma: some characteristics of a serially transplantable line in nude mice (PC 82).

Transplantation of tissue from a cribriform human prostatic carcinoma resulted in a serially transplantable tumor line in nude mice, PC 82. During 2 1/2 years the tumor has not changed its histological appearance and remained a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The cells contain large amounts of prostatic acid phosphatase. It has a slow rate of growth and regresses after castration and estrogen treatment. This preliminary information suggests that the PC 82 tumor line may be suitable model for hormone-dependent human prostatic cancer.

Acid Phosphatase↗