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Biomedical subjects

G Gardos

Publications and source records attributed to G Gardos.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Changes in extrapyramidal symptoms following anticholinergic drug withdrawal.

An antiparkinson drug (APK) withdrawal study was carried out in 34 schizophrenic outpatients on maintenance neuroleptics. Sixty-five percent of patients were without major complaints after 2 weeks of APK discontinuation, while 35% reported adverse effects including extrapyramidal, autonomic, and behavioral symptoms. Male patients and those on higher diethazine doses before withdrawal reported more complaints. Ratings showed significant increases of parkinsonism, as well as dyskinesia following APK withdrawal. No clinical evidence was obtained in support of the notion of cholinergic hypersensitivity in patients showing "tremors" at baseline.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMed1983

Tardive dyskinesia and anticholinergic drugs.

The evidence from the literature does not support the notion that psychotropic drugs with central anticholinergic properties (antiparkinsonian drugs, neuroleptics, antidepressants) constitute a risk factor in tardive dyskinesia. Antiparkinsonian drugs tend to produce reversible increases in the severity of dyskinetic movements and can be used as pharmacological probes in the assessment of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

The prognosis of tardive dyskinesia.

Reexamination of the prognosis of tardive dyskinesia indicates that the concept of irreversibility should be replaced by a focus on longitudinal changes. Factors involved in the etiology and point prevalence of TD (e.g., neuroleptic exposure) are not necessarily the determinants of outcome. The presence of affective disorder and poor response to treatment in chronic psychotic patients appear to be related to poor prognosis. Severe dyskinesia with functional impairment is rare. Such severe cases are more likely to show a rapidly developing malignant course than to be the end result of slowly progressing TD after many years of neuroleptic treatment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Adverse effects of antiparkinson drug withdrawal.

The authors conducted a double-blind, controlled study to test the behavioral, affective, and neurological effects of antiparkinson drug discontinuation. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks. Of 24 placebo patients 9 left the study early because of adverse effects; none of the 8 patients in the antiparkinsonian group did so. The placebo group had significantly more lower extremity movements, motor agitation, hallucinations, and physical complaints at 2 weeks and scored significantly higher in depression at 4 weeks. A sizable proportion of chronic, drug-treated schizophrenic patients appear to need antiparkinsonians for clinical stability.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMed1981

Clonazepam and phenobarbital in tardive dyskinesia.

Benzodiazepines have several advantages over other antidyskinetic drugs in treating tardive dyskinesia. The authors conducted a controlled study of clonazepam versus the active placebo of phenobarbital in 21 psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia. Both drugs significantly reduced dyskinetic movements: clonazepam had a stronger effect on orofacial dyskinesia, and phenobarbital was more effective for limbs and axial movements. Clonazepam was also more effective for drug-free patients and those receiving low doses of neuroleptics than for all patients given phenobarbital and for clonazepam patients taking high doses of neuroleptics. The authors suggest that future treatment studies focus on the effects of antidyskinetic drugs on distinct body regions.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Absence of severe tardive dyskinesia in Hungarian schizophrenic out-patients.

One hundred and twenty-two patients comprising 82% of the non-hospitalized schizophrenic population of a Hungarian town were rated for tardive dyskinesia (TD). Drug histories were also obtained. No severe cases of TD were found. The markedly lower prevalence of TD in the study population in contrast to similar North American samples may be related to differences in treatment styles, in particular to: a) use of EST in place of high-dose neuroleptic therapy; b) extensive exposure to ethopropazine, promethazine, and other antiparkinson drugs. Twenty patients revealed clinically evident fine tremors, mostly of the tongue and eye-lid. Multivariate analysis revealed a positive association of choreiform dyskinesia with duration of low-potency neuroleptic treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Overview: public health issues in tardive dyskinesia.

Public health concern over tardive dyskinesia has been rising, but the magnitude of the problem has been undetermined. The incidence of tardive dyskinesia is unknown, and prevalence rates yield conflicting and possibly misleading estimates. The natural course of tardive dyskinesia is highly variable: in some patients (probably many fewer than previously believed) it is irreversible. No currently available therapeutic agent satisfies the criteria of safety, marked effectiveness, and prolonged efficacy in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Primary prevention involves reducing antipsychotic drug exposure, secondary prevention involves early diagnosis and prompt intervention, and tertiary prevention involves clinical measures to reduce disability and to treat severe cases vigorously. Educational methods that disseminate knowledge and influence prescribing habits need to be identified and used more widely.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The Oral Board Examination: a call for its demise.

The author's personal experiences as a candidate as well as relevant publications have led to the conclusion that the Oral American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) examination does not serve the best interest of the profession. The Oral is invalid, unreliable, painful and unnecessary. Residency Training Programs are responsible for the imparting of basic clinical skills, while psychiatric knowledge and competence may be adequately tested by written exams supplemented wih audio-visual techniques.

Certification↗
PubMed1979

A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia.

A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia was developed, consisting of nearly all signs seen by two groups of investigators over a 5-year period. Thirty-four items were included in the scale with a possibility of writing in idiosyncratic signs. The scale was shown to have good reliability and validity in studies carried out by both the New York and Boston groups. It is recommended as a suitable instrument for describing the breadth of tardive dyskinesia syndrome and also for quantifying the disorder. A second scale, "the abbreviated dyskinesia scale", contains 13 items which are more global than the items in the original scale. It also has been shown to be both reliable and valid. Its use is suited to situations requiring less extensively detailed assessments.

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1979

Placebo response, placebo effect, and two attributes.

Two putative predictors of placebo response were studied in three samples of psychiatric outpatients. Two groups, 73 university medical center patients and 56 college health service patients, underwent 1 week of placebo treatment. A quasi-control group of 112 patients receiving no medication waited about 1 week before beginning psychotherapy. One attribute, acquiescence or traditionalism, predicted placebo response, thereby replicating prior findings. Acquiescence was unrelated to change in controls indicating that it may represent a correlate of true placebo effect under some conditions. Additional findings suggested qualifications as to the generality of the relationship. The second attribute, autonomic awareness, was associated with change in all three samples. It appeared to predict nonspecific improvement unrelated to placebo probably due to its relationship to intensity of somatization.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

ACTH 4-10 in the amelioration of neuropsychological symptomatology associated with senile organic brain syndrome.

Eighteen male and female volunteers over the age of sixty who exhibited mild senile organic brain syndrome were administered ACTH 4-10 (Org OI 63) (30 mg, s.c.) or saline in a 2 X 2 Latin square design. Subjects experienced a reduction in depression and confusion and an increase in vigor. This evidence of an increase in vigor was supported behaviorally by a delay in the onset of increased latency in reaction time. Data also indicated that retrieval from memory may be enhanced by this compound. The electroencephalogram evinced a shift to lower frequencies under ACTH 4-10, but this effect was primarily noted in the females who received drug followed by placebo. These effects of ACTH 4-10 are intriguing and suggest that further work in this area should be encouraged.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1979

The effects of papaverine in tardive dyskinesia.

1. The therapeutic efficacy of papaverine for tardive dyskinesia was tested in 23 psychogeriatric and 18 chronic schizophrenic patients. Papaverine was given in slow-release capsules at 150 mg BID for one week followed by 300 mg BID for five weeks. A single blind design was used with blind raters and a 6-week no drug control condition. 2. Oro-facial dyskinesia was significantly reduced by papaverine in the psychogeriatric group during the first six weeks. Only a few patients showed at least 50% improvement of dyskinesia scores. Overall the drug effects were modest. 3. Other findings of interest were a) EEG showed increased per cent time of alpha and reduced beta 1. b) Parkinsonian side effects tended to confirm dopamine antagonism by papaverine. c) No tolerance was seen after six weeks. d) Elderly female patients and those with oro-facial dyskinesia appeared to respond best to papaverine.

Adult↗