[Studies on the weight and dimensions of kidneys of premature newborn infants].
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Anthropometry↗
Biomedical subjects
G Gheri
Publications and source records attributed to G Gheri.
The development of the caeca in the chick embryo. Morphometric and morphological remarks.
Quantitative aspects of the organogenesis of the chick embryo caecum (proximal and distal tracts) were investigated from the 8th to the 15th day of incubation. Histological sections were studied by means of a computerized morphometric system and a semiautomatic digital system (Videoplan 2). The total area of sections, of the lumen, the caecal wall and its components (subserous stratum, muscle layer, lamina propria, epithelium) and the thickness of the epithelium and muscle layer were measured. The mean +/- S.E.M. of the obtained values was calculated. The percentage of shrinkage, due to histological procedures, was calculated for each day considered. The mean values for each day of incubation were modified on the basis of the shrinkage percentage. The differences between the mean values of the areas of the proximal and distal tract were statistically evaluated. Exponential curves and the r coefficient were determined in order to evaluate the general growing pattern of the mean area of the caecal wall components as a function of age. The obtained results demonstrate that there are some differences between the proximal and distal tract of the caecal anlage in the growth pattern of the wall components. In the proximal caecal tract, the lamina propria showed the highest growth rate, while in the distal tract, the caecal wall component the subserous stratum did. Moreover, the caecal anlage showed different developmental behaviour from the ileum, duodenum and colon in the same chick embryo.
Animals↗
[Glycoconjugates of the cecal intestinal epithelium of the chick before and after hatching: histochemical study performed with peroxidase-conjugated lectins].
A battery of seven different horseradish peroxidase-labelled lectins (PNA, ConA, DBA, SBA, LTA, WGA and UEA I) was used to study the distribution and changes of carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates in the caecal epithelium (proximal and distal tracts) of the chick embryo and of the 3 days old chicken. The chief results showed that: 1. The appearance of some sugar residues was earlier observed at the epithelium of the distal tract than the proximal one (Tab. 2). 2. The presence of sialic acid was detected only after hatching (Fig. 4, Tab. 2). 3. During the embryonic caecal development enterocytes and goblet cells were characterized by the presence of the same sugar residues (Tab. 2). 4. By a quantitative point of view, differences in sugar residues content between the epithelium of the proximal and distal tract were observed. The epithelial cells of the distal tract were generally characterized by an higher content of saccharide moieties (Tab. 2). 5. At the end of the incubation period and after hatching enterocytes and goblet cells showed differences in content of some sugar residues (Fig. 1-3, Fig. 5-8, Tab. 2).
Animals↗
[Distribution of saccharide residues in glycoconjugates of the kidney in Gallus domesticus using peroxidase-conjugated lectins].
A battery of seven different horseradish-peroxidase labelled lectins (DBA, PNA, SBA, UEA I, WGA, ConA, LTA) was used to study the distribution of sugar residues in the glycoconjugates along the nephron and the collecting duct of the kidney of Gallus domesticus. As far as the glomerular components are concerned, we have demonstrated that the podocytes and, with a lesser extent, the mesangial cells are characterised by the presence of D-mannose, D-galactose-(beta 1- greater than 3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and sialic acid. The glomerular capillary wall shows the presence of the disaccharide D-galactose-(beta 1- greater than 3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and sialic acid. With regards to the tubules, the proximal tubule, the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the connecting tubule and the collecting one, are characterised by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, (1- greater than 6)-alpha-L-fucose, D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose-(beta 1- greater than 3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The cells of the connecting and collecting ducts show the presence of intracellular sialic acid, found also as component of the mucous secretion. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal tubule contain only three saccharidic residues, i.e. (1- greater than 6)-alpha-L-fucose, D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Lectin histochemistry was also useful to define the saccharidic components of the mucus, which is normally present within the connecting and collecting ducts of the kidney of the birds. The cellular variability of the connecting and the collecting ducts is similar to that found in the kidney of some mammals. Such a variability seems to suggest a possible cell specialization along a single kidney tubule.
Animals↗
The GAGs of the bone: a study on human calva.
The glycosaminoglycans of the human bone are Chondroitin-4 sulfate, Chondroitin-6 sulfate and Keratosulfate. Their quantity presents variations with ageing. The Keratosulfate shows a prevalent localisation in the bone matrix just around the osteocytes.
Adolescent↗
Evaluation of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasound examination to screen fetal chromosomal abnormalities.
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), anatomic anomalies and precocious defects of foetal growth were shown as possible "indicators" of foetal chromosomal pathology, in particular Down's syndrome, and thus suggested for prenatal screening of risk patients for this chromosomal abnormalities. The Authors carried out a retrospective study on 1472 patients who underwent amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Between the 15th and the 20th week, a dosage of MSAFP was effected, in order to evaluate if the serum concentration of this substance could predict Down's syndrome. A contemporary study by echographic monitoring was effected on 500 patients from the 1st trimester of pregnancy, in order to detect possible foetal growth retardation precociously and to determine the karyotype in these cases. Results are very interesting and suggest both the dosage of MSAFP and the ecographic monitoring for prenatal screening of trisomy 21, especially in maternal age classes younger than 40 years, where the cost/benefit ratio of screening for maternal age is less favourable.
Adult↗
[Various aspects of organogenesis of the colon in Gallus domesticus: morphologic observation].
The authors have investigated the morphological aspects of the wall components of the developing colon in the chick embryo (Gallus domesticus) from the 7th to th 15th day of incubation. Particular attention has been given to the lumen recanalization, phenomenon which occurs also in other animal species. The most significant results can be summarized as follows: 1) the lumen is recanalized at the 7th day only at the proximal part of the colon (Fig. 1, Tav. 1), while at the distal tract it is still completely filled by an epithelial plug (Fig. 2, Tav. 1). Therefore the recanalization of the lumen takes place cranio-caudad. 2) At the 8th day the process of recanalization of the lumen shows, in the distal part of the colon, well defined modalities. Radially oriented intraepithelial spaces within the epithelium filling the lumen join other semilunar intercellular spaces, which are placed near the central part of the occluded lumen (Fig. 3). By the junction of a couple of radially oriented spaces with one semilunar space, an U-shaped intercellular space derives, which delimits an incoming epithelial fold (Tav. 3). Such a phenomenon is continued also during the 9th and 10th day of incubation (Fig. 6, Tav. 2). 3) At the 11th day the colonic lumen is completely open and, in its distal part, the appearance of the primordial previllous ridges can be observed (Fig. 7). In the proximal tract the previllous ridges develop one day later (Fig. 8). 4) At the 13th day, in the distal part of the colon, the first appearance of crypts occurs (Fig. 10). So, while the process of recanalization of the lumen is cranio-caudad, the formation of previllous ridges and crypts proceeds caudo-cranially. 5) From the 11th day onwards the lamina propria is actively involved in the process of formation of the previllous ridges. Only at the 14th day, in the distal part of the colon anlage, the appearance of the muscularis mucosae is observed (Fig. 11). 6) The muscle layer and the subserous stratum do not show appreciable morphological changes in the course the considered period of incubation.
Animals↗
Histochemical analysis of goblet cell mucins in the chick embryo colon.
The histochemical characteristics of colonic epithelial mucins were investigated in the chick embryo. At the 14th day of incubation it was possible to demonstrate the presence of glycogen. At the 15th day a few epithelial cells showed the presence of neutral and sialylated mucins. On the 16th day, also sulfated secretory material was detectable together with neutral and sialylated mucins in cells with the typical shape of goblet cells. From the 17th day to the 20th day of incubation the two types of acid mucins appeared in some cells to be placed in distinct zones of the supranuclear cytoplasm. At the 21st day, neutral, sialylated and sulfated mucins were all present in the majority of goblet cells, which were found mainly in the epithelium lining the crypts.
Animals↗
[Presence of hyaluronic acid in subjects with keratoconus].
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Alcian Blue↗
[Histogenesis of mastocytes in the chick embryo].
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Animals↗
[Cytochemical demonstration and characterization of acid mucopolysaccharides in normal granulocytic series].
Metachromatic granulations are seen in myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and young mature cells, after staining by all metachromatic dyes, except methylene blue. Furthermore by screening at various pHs granular metachromasia is detectable starting at pH 3.2 in 6% of case, at pH 4 in 78% of cases, at pH 4.5 in 16% of cases. The use of toluidine blue 10(-4) M in solutions at varying pH, after methylation and after alkali demethylation demonstrate the acid sulfated mucopolysaccharide react within the pH range (3.2), 4, 4.5, 5; persistence of non-alcohol resistant granular metachromasia above pH 5.5 suggests the presence of granules containing acid mucopolysaccharides staining as the result of possessing --COOH radicals. This data was verified by other histochemical techniques (Alcian blue and PAS staining) which have shown positive granules. All the data on the metachromatic, alcian blue and PAS positive granulations, have been carefully confirmed by chemical and enzymatic reactions. The results of this study led us to the conclusion that azurophilic granulations are made of a sulfated polysaccharide of chondroitinsulfate group. In the more immature cells alcian blue positive granules (mucopolysaccharide of acid hyaluronic type) and PAS positive granules (polysaccharides with a low sulfation level) can be demonstrated. From this data, it is suggested that azurophilic granulations are the final event of an evolutive process of polysaccharide material, fundamentally based on a progressive sulfation.
Adolescent↗
The glycosaminoglycans in the human umbilical cord.
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Glycosaminoglycans↗
Magnetic resonance in the study of cranial nerves.
The course of cranial nerves was studied by means of magnetic resonance (MR), which allowed a multiplane visualization of the investigated structures. The obtained results showed that MR was an excellent method for visualization of the optic, trigeminal, facial and acoustica nerves. The oculomotor and the abducent nerves were detectable only in some regions where the contrast with the surrounding structures was greater. The glossopharingeus, vegus and accessory nerves were identifiable only in the first tract of emergency from the encephalic trunk and they could no be distinguished separately. The trochlear nerve was seldom visible whereas the olfactory nerve failed to be revealed. Further technological progress will allow for additional advances as regards the acquisition of knowledge concerning these important nerves.
Adult↗
The human nasal mucous membrane during chronic inflammation, before and after muco-active therapy: a study using scanning electron microscopy.
Chronic inflammation seems to induce alterations in nasal mucosa morphology. The type and extent of these alterations seem to be directly correlated with the duration of the inflammation. This study was carried out to ascertain whether the administration of muco-active drugs could modify these alterations by inducing their total or partial regression. Ten healthy control subjects, and thirty patients affected with chronic rhinopharyngitis, at various levels of severity, were studied. All the forty subjects underwent biopsy of the posterior region of the medium turbinate. The bioptic samples were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Patients with phlogosis underwent treatment which consisted of a single day administration of carbocysteine-sobrerol (1125 mg carbocysteine and 180 mg sobrerol day 20 days). This group underwent biopsy again and the fragments obtained were studied using the same method. Chronic inflammation, in the nasal epithelium, causes progressive degenerative phenomena, which are related to the duration and to the severity of the pathology. The response of the nasal mucosa principally results in damage to the muco- ciliary unit, loss of cilia and consistent modifications in the mucous secretion. In cases of persistent inflammation, the nasal epithelium becomes squamous. The therapy employed was able to alter the morphological signs of degeneration in the less severe cases, and to improve the overall pattern of the most severe and irreversible pathologies.
Adult↗
The anteroposterior diameter of the head and the body of the pancreas in healthy Italian children.
A sonographic study on the anteroposterior diameter of the head and the body of the pancreas was performed on 315 healthy Italian children ranged in age from 0 to 14 years, divided in seven classes of age (0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-14). We have evaluated if statistically significant differences exist between males and females in the same classes of age and if the different obtained mean values from a class of age and the following one are statistically significant.
Adolescent↗
Identification of hematopoietic progenitor cells in human amniotic fluid before the 12th week of gestation.
Due to technical difficulties in performing amniocentesis before the 12th week of pregnancy, very little is known about the components of human amniotic fluid before that time. Amniocentesis was performed between the 7th-11th week of gestation in 25 informed and consenting patients, who had to undergo therapeutic interruption of pregnancy. The cells from the amniotic fluid were stained, counted on a hemocytometer, and checked for vitality. The origin of these cells was determined from cellular cultures the intracellular content of the hemoglobin and the chloroacetate esterase content of the hemoglobin and the chloroacetate esterase contents were also studied. Taking advantage of the "in vitro" adhesive properties of these cells to the bone marrow stromal feeder layer, we obtained clonal growth of an erythroid nature from 18 out of 33 samples. At the 17th week of gestation, an increased number of cells and a decrease in their vitality was found. Between the 7th and 12th week, the cellular composition of the fluid was totally different from that found later in the pregnancy. Small nucleated, round cells were identified as hematopoietic progenitor cells. At the beginning of the 11th week, a cellular population, typically used to perform prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities from the 14th week of pregnancy appeared. Since hematopoietic progenitor cells were found in the amniotic fluid before the 12th week of gestation, these cells most probably come from the hematopoietic cells of the yolk sac through the thin membrane of the yolk sac at this time.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Computerized morphometric analysis of the chick embryo esophagus.
By means of a computerized morphometric system and a semiautomatic digital system (videoplan II), the quantitative aspects of the organogenesis of the chick embryo esophagus were investigated from the 6th to the 15th day of incubation. The area of the total section, of the lumen, of the wall and its components (subserous stratum, muscle layer, lamina propria and epithelium) and the thickness of the epithelium and the muscle layer were measured. The mean area +/- S.E.M. of the values obtained was calculated. The percentage of shrinkage, due to the histological procedures, was calculated for each day. The mean values for each day of incubation were modified on the basis of the shrinkage percentage. Exponential curves and r coefficient were determined to evaluate the growing pattern of the mean area of the esophageal wall components as a function of age. The main results are the following: 1) From the 6th to the 10th day of incubation the areas of all the wall components show an increase. 2) From the 11th day onwards, the wall components undergo a different growth pattern; in fact, the area of the subserous stratum decreases from the 11th to the 13th day, the muscle layer and the lamina propria show a decrease on the 12th day, while the growing pattern of the epithelium area appears irregular from the 12th day onwards. 3) The lamina propria results to be the component of the wall that shows the highest growth rate. Moreover, the esophageal anlage shows different developmental behaviour compared with that of the other intestinal tracts previously examined (ileum, duodenum, colon, caeca) in the same chick embryo.
Animals↗
Histochemical characterization of the mucins of the epithelial cells in the chick embryo proventriculus.
The histochemical characteristics of the epithelial mucins, which are produced by the lining epithelium, the superficial glands and the compound glands of the proventriculus were investigated in the chick embryo from the 7th day of incubation to hatching. Results showed that the time of appearance of the carboxylated, sulphated and neutral mucosubstances differed at the three investigated sites. From the 13th to the 19th day of incubation, intense production of the various mucins was detected at the three sites. However, the modality of intracytoplasmatic storage and the production of mucins in both the cells of the lining epithelium and the superficial glands appeared to differ from those observed in the cells of the compound glands. At the 20th and 21st day, the mucins were primarily produced by the lining epithelium and the superficial glands, whereas production diminished in the compound glands. Furthermore, from the 7th to the 17th day of incubation, the cells of the principal ducts of the compound glands showed the same histochemical characteristics and modality of production as those of the glandular cells of the compound glands. On the other hand, from the 18th day to hatching, these cells assumed the same characteristics as those of the lining epithelium and of the superficial glands.
Alcian Blue↗