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Biomedical subjects

G Roche

Publications and source records attributed to G Roche.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Pharmacokinetics of cefixime in healthy volunteers after a single oral administration of 200 mg].

The antibacterial activity of cefixime is identical with that of parenteral third generation cephalosporins. Its kinetics were studied in 24 healthy male volunteers who received one single 200 mg tablet. Cmax was 3.25 mg/l and Tmax was 4 h. After 12 hours, serum concentrations were still as high as 0.70 mg/l. Half-life was 3.3 h and urinary excretion was not predominant. Thus, cefixime was characterized by its relatively long serum half-life as compared with other cephalosporins. Despite some degree of individual variations, serum and urine concentrations of the antibiotic remained for 12 hours above the MIC of susceptible pathogens.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of hepatic failure upon the pharmacokinetics of cefixime].

Modifications of cefixime kinetics due to severe impairment of liver function were determined in 9 cirrhotic patients. Cefixime was administered as a single dose of 200 mg and levels were measured by HPLC. Maximum serum concentrations and area-under-the-curves of serum concentrations were not modified. The time for maximum serum concentration was delayed and the cefixime half-life in serum was prolonged, as a reflect of increased volume of distribution resulting from ascites and hypoalbuminemia. Renal clearance increased in these patients, possibly because of reduced extra-renal clearance. No metabolite was detected in serum or urine. Modifications of cefixime kinetics resulting from impaired hepatic function were modest and did not require specific dosage adjustment.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Pulmonary diffusion of cefixime in man].

We measured the concentrations of cefixime in the human lung in vivo in order to evaluate indirectly the effectiveness of this antibiotic in the treatment of pulmonary infections. Twenty-three patients undergoing lung surgery entered the study and received cefixime either 200 mg 12-hourly (4 times) or 400 mg every 24 hours (twice). Blood samples and tissue specimens were collected simultaneously during surgery 4 or 8 hours after the last dose. Cefixime concentrations were measured by HPLC. The penetration of cefixime in both normal and neoplastic lung tissue was significant. Four or 8 hours after a 200 or 400 mg oral dose, lung concentrations were higher than the MIC90 values for sensitive strains and therefore consistent with effective therapeutic activity. The pharmacokinetics of cefixime in blood and in lung tissue suggest that pulmonary infections could be treated with a 400 mg dose once a day.

Cefixime↗
PubMed1989

[Comparative study of 2 dosage regimens of cefixime in the treatment of otorhinolaryngeal or bronchial infections].

A double-blind comparative study of cefixime (400 mg/day), given either as a single daily dose, or in two divided doses, was carried out in collaboration with 54 general practitioners. This study was mainly directed towards tolerance assessment. 431 patients with upper and lower respiratory tract infection were included. In terms of tolerance, 89 per cent of patients showed no side-effect and the tolerance was deemed satisfactory in 90.3 per cent of the cases by the investigators, without any statistically significant difference between both groups. Roughly, the most frequent side-effects were gastrointestinal reactions, such as diarrhea or stool changes (4.0 per cent), gastralgia (1.9 per cent), nausea and/or vomiting (1.6 per cent). In terms of effectiveness, after an average of 8.8 +/- 0.1 days of treatment, 94.4 per cent of assessable patients were improved or cured. Once again, there was no statistical difference between both groups. Cefixime effectiveness and safety are comparable with both modes of administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[X-ray computed tomography in central pontine myelinolysis. 2 cases].

Two cases of central pontine myelinolysis were studied by computerized tomography (CT). One patient had chronic alcoholism, the other porphyria variegata; both initially presented with water-and-electrolyte disorders, notably hyponatraemia. The neurological disorders consisted of acute pseudobulbar syndrome which totally regressed within 15 days to 1 month. CT demonstrated a low density area in the pons, extending to the mesencephalon in one case. Despite clinical cure, this low density persisted for 16 and 20 months respectively, counting from the onset of neurological symptoms. In central pontine myelinolysis, CT images only are of diagnostic value in cases with suggestive neurological symptoms and aetiology. CT can recognize minor forms of the disease and confirms that in some cases severe forms may follow a regressive course.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Beta-lactamase induction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cefpiramide and 3 other antipyocyanic cephalosporins].

Cefpiramide (SR 95445) (CPM) is a new cephalosporin with activity against Pseudomonas and a good bioavailability following parenteral administration. This drug is a first rather than second choice treatment in Pseudomonas infections. For this reason, investigation into cefpiramide's capacity to induce beta-lactamase production is especially interesting. A heavy inoculum of P. aeruginosa NCTC 8203, a strain that produces and inducible cephalosporinase (pI = 8.7) was incubated for 4 hours with CPM, cefsulodin (CFS), cefoperazone (CPZ) and ceftazidime (CTZ) in various concentrations. After collection and sonic treatment of the bacteria, the beta-lactamase activity was assayed using an acidimetric method and expressed as units of enzyme activity per mg proteins in the cell-free extract. The smallest increase in beta-lactamase production was recorded with CPM. The strongest inductor was CTZ. CFS and CPZ had an intermediate effect.

Cefoperazone↗
PubMed1986

[Bactericidal activity of cefpiramide on P. aeruginosa using an in vitro pharmacokinetic simulation model].

Cefpiramide (CPM) is a new cephalosporin with good activity against Pseudomonas. Sustained high serum concentrations are observed. We studied CPM killing kinetics using an in vitro model that simulates the pharmacokinetic profile observed in humans following a single intramuscular injection. The strain tested was Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 8203. CPM was compared to cefoperazone (CPZ), cefsulodin (CFS) and ceftazidime (CTZ). These drugs differed only for the time-interval to bacterial regrowth that was in the following ascending order: CFS, CPZ, CTZ and CPM. This finding corroborates the fact that cefpiramide's pharmacokinetic properties allow wider space intervals between doses than for other drugs.

Cefoperazone↗
PubMed1983

[Value of the assay of 4 urinary enzyme activities in the diagnosis of the infectious or toxic (aminoglycosides) origin of a renal disease. Preliminary results].

Occurrence of a renal failure in an infected patient may be referred to various causes: infection, renal toxicity of drugs (for instance aminoglycosides), shock . . . Determination of some urinary enzymatic activities might be helpful in unravelling the mechanism involved in such cases. Therefore a prospective study of the specificity of some urinary enzymatic activities was performed. The whole LDH activity, the LDH isoenzyme 5 (LDH 5), and two lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and beta-glucuronidase (beta-GLU) were dosed systematically, in several groups of patients: I (n = 34): healthy control, with normal renal function; II (n = 24): renal impairment, without recent upper urinary-tract infection (UTI) or aminoglycoside treatment; III (n = 27): upper UTI without aminoglycoside treatment, IV (n = 22): patients treated with aminoglycosides (without upper UTI); V (n = 16): upper UTI treated with aminoglycosides. Results showed a rather good specificity of whole LDH and LDH 5 for infectious kidney damage, and of NAG for tubular injury due to aminoglycoside treatments. Values of urinary beta-glucuronidase varied over a wide range; they were little increased in group III, without a great discriminative value. No significant difference was noted between group I and group II, for any enzyme whatever.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1982

Treatment by plasma exchange of a patient with hyperlipidemia and diabetic ketoacidosis with lesional pulmonary edema and acute pancreatitis.

The authors report a case of severe hypertriglyceridemia (148.5 mmol/l) in a 27-year-old woman admitted for coma of unknown origin. Initial investigations revealed ketoacidosis, pancreatitis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The diabetes was unknown. Ketoacidosis was rapidly controlled. The hypertriglyceridemia was corrected by one course of plasma exchange (4,400 ml) during which the patient returned to consciousness. The patient recovered without any sequelae. Only 2 similar cases, treated by plasma exchange, have been reported in the literature until now.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

[Treatment of alveolar echinococcosis with flubendazole. Pharmacological study (author's transl)].

Several publications mention a relative efficacy of flubendazole in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver (AE). It may seem surprising, being considered the poor intestinal absorption of this drug. A study of the plasma levels was performed in 6 patients, during the treatment with oral flubendazole (approximatively 50 mg/kg/24 h) : 3 patients with normal or subnormal liver functions, 1 hydatidosis and 2 clinically nearly latent AE (group I) ; 3 patients with a highly developed AE (group II). The levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. In the group I, the plasma levels were very low, more often inferior to 3 ng/ml, without distinct peaks. In the group II, the valley levels were higher than 0 ng/ml, and the peaks ranged from 47,4 to 50,4 ng/ml (1 to 3 hours after an intake). The increase in the dosage allowed higher levels, as opposed to previous assertions. The bile and faeces concentrations, as well as the urinary elimination, were studied in a patient with external biliary drainage. The intramusculary injectable flubendazole was used in a patient, without benefit as far as plasma levels are concerned.

Anticestodal Agents↗