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Biomedical subjects

H A Ross

Publications and source records attributed to H A Ross.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

An improved procedure for testing for assay linearity.

BACKGROUND: Statistical testing of assay linearity using replicate measurements made on binary mixtures of samples provides no information about the significance of any detected deviations from linearity, which may often be desirable. METHOD: Performance of additional statistical analysis of the assay data. RESULT: Objective measures for non-linearity and the minimum detectable deviation from linearity of the assay are obtained. CONCLUSION: A few additional calculations from the available data make it possible to assess whether or not an assay method needs improvement to achieve adequate performance within its intended application.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative detection of peripheral thyroglobulin mRNA has limited clinical value in the follow-up of thyroid cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: As recurrences after treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer can occur many years after thyroidectomy, periodic monitoring of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels is performed in these patients. However, autoantibodies that can interfere with Tg immunoassays occur in the blood of approximately 25% of these patients. Several earlier reports suggest that measuring Tg mRNA by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) could be of value, especially in patients with Tg autoantibodies. METHODS: Using an earlier described, real-time quantitative Taqman RT-PCR assay, Tg mRNA concentrations were assessed in peripheral blood taken from 58 patients treated for thyroid cancer and from two healthy controls. RESULTS: In all tested samples Tg mRNA could be found. No correlation between serum Tg protein and Tg mRNA could be found. Tg mRNA concentrations did not differ between serum Tg-negative and Tg-positive patients. No differences in the number of patients with high or low Tg/beta-actin ratios were found between the groups of patients without, (131)I uptake on whole-body scan, or patients with thyroid bed uptake, uptake elsewhere in the neck, or distant metastases with or without regional uptake (P = 0.871). CONCLUSIONS: We were not able to confirm earlier positive reports on the clinical value of Tg mRNA measurement for the monitoring of patients treated for thyroid cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Short-term cortisol infusion in the brachial artery, with and without inhibiting 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, does not alter forearm vascular resistance in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

BACKGROUND: Vascular tone is increased in primary hypertension, and glucocorticoids affect vascular tone. Local cortisol availability is modulated by activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD). As this activity may be decreased in patients with primary hypertension, vascular sensitivity to cortisol may be increased in these patients. We studied the acute effect of cortisol on forearm vascular resistance (FVR) by infusing cortisol directly into the brachial artery, both with and without inhibition of 11 beta-HSD, in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. DESIGN: Twenty normotensive volunteers and 20 patients with primary hypertension participated in the study. After a 10-min infusion of vehicle (glucose 5%), cortisol was infused into the brachial artery in three stepwise increasing doses (3.5, 10.5 and 35 microg per 100 mL of forearm volume), each for 10 min. Next, the participants received placebo or 500 mg glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) orally, and 150 min later the same infusion schedule was repeated. Forearm vascular resistance was measured during the last 5 min of the infused vehicle and of each dose. Arterial and forearm venous plasma samples for measurement of cortisol and cortisone were taken at the end of the infusions of glucose 5% and the highest cortisol dose. RESULTS: In both normotensive and hypertensive subjects, neither the infusion of cortisol nor the administration of GA changed FVR. Also 2 h after the cortisol infusion there remained no change in FVR in both the normotensive and hypertensive groups who received placebo. Following the infusion of the highest cortisol dose, total plasma cortisone levels in the venous plasma were decreased compared with levels in the arterial plasma (36 +/- 3 and 49 +/- 4 nmol L-1, respectively, P < 0.05). The protein-bound venous cortisone was 37.1 +/- 4.8 nmol L-1 during the vehicle compared with 23.9 +/- 3.7 nmol L-1 during the cortisol infusion (P < 0.01), whereas the free cortisone level was not altered by the cortisol infusion. CONCLUSIONS: In both normotensive and hypertensive subjects, high-dose cortisol infusion both with and without 11 beta-HSD inhibition did not change FVR either immediately or after 2 h. We could not demonstrate in vivo 11 beta-HSD activity in the forearm vascular tissues. When binding of cortisone to CBG is changed, e.g. during cortisol infusion, arterio-venous changes in cortisone cannot reliably be used to assess (alterations in) local 11 beta-HSD activity.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2001

Helix pomatia agglutinin lectin-binding oligosaccharides of aggressive breast cancer.

Predicting long-term outcome after breast-cancer diagnosis remains problematic, particularly for patients with clinically small, axillary lymph node- negative tumours. Evidence suggests that the lectin Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) identifies oligosaccharides associated with poor-prognosis cancer. Our aim was to identify oligosaccharides that bind HPA in aggressive breast cancers. Breast-cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-549 and BT-20) and a cell line from human milk (HBL-100), which showed a range of HPA-binding intensities, were used to extract HPA-binding glycoproteins. Oligosaccharides were released using anhydrous hydrazine and separated on a range of HPLC matrices. We investigated whether HPA-binding oligosaccharides from cell lines were present in human breast-cancer tissues, using 69 breast-cancer specimens from patients with between 5 and 10 years' follow-up. A monosialylated oligosaccharide was over-expressed in the cell line that bound HPA strongly. Further analysis by normal-phase HPLC showed that the 2-aminobenzamide-conjugated oligosaccharide had a hydrodynamic volume of 4.58 glucose units (HPAgly1). Increased expression of HPAgly1 was associated with HPA staining of breast-cancer specimens (Student's t-test p = 0.025). Analysis of oligosaccharide levels and disease-free survival after treatment for breast cancer indicated a shorter disease-free interval for patients with elevated levels of HPAgly1. This is the first time that histochemical lectin staining has been correlated with biochemical mapping of oligosaccharides. Using this approach, we have identified a monosialylated HPA lectin-binding oligosaccharide present in breast-cancer cells grown in vitro which is elevated in breast-cancer specimens that bind the lectin.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Proteome and glycosylation mapping identifies post-translational modifications associated with aggressive breast cancer.

Changes in glycosylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids is a common feature of cancer and may influence cancer cell behaviour, perhaps by enabling cell-cell interactions which favour metastasis or by allowing cancer cells to evade immuno-surveillance. Studies to identify glycosylation changes in human cancer have often used immunohistochemical techniques with lectins or antibodies and human tissue sections. Whilst some detailed biochemical studies have been performed there are few clinically relevant studies since the numbers of specimens evaluated are often very small. Using an immuno-histochemical approach, we have found that the lectin HPA from the albumen gland of Helix pomatia detects aggressive metastatic breast cancers. We have sought to identify the breast cancer associated oligosaccharides and the proteins to which they are attached via 2-DE for proteome analysis and HPLC separations for glycosylation mapping. Sixty-nine breast cancer specimens were studied. The HPA staining pattern, clinical treatment and follow-up data were known. Oligosaccharides that related to HPA staining were identified and found in elevated levels in metastatic breast cancer specimens. Human breast and colorectal cancer cells grown in vitro and in a clinically relevant animal model of metastasis also show increased levels of the oligosaccharides. We are now structurally characterising the oligosaccharides and aim to use them as diagnostic tools and targets for immuno-therapy of breast and other solid tumours.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Copy-DNA cloning and characterisation of a potato alpha-glucosidase: expression in Escherichia coli and effects of down-regulation in transgenic potato.

Polymerase chain reaction-based methodology was used to obtain a cDNA clone (MAL2) from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with the sequence characteristics of an alpha-glucosidase. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced polypeptide encoded by this cDNA demonstrated that the most similar sequences were alpha-glucosidases and alpha-xylosidases of plant origin. The MAL2 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant MAL2 protein was affinity-purified. MAL2 catalysed the hydrolysis of a range of maltooligomers and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside with a pH optimum of 5.5-5.7. The substrate with the lowest Km value was maltotetraose (3.7 mM). The MAL2 expression product did not catalyse the hydrolysis of xyloglucan oligosaccharides, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-xylopyranoside or gelatinised potato starch. MAL2 was down-regulated in transgenic potato plants using an antisense approach. In several independent transgenic antisense lines, MAL2 expression was severely down-regulated. Despite this, no decrease in total extractable alpha-glucosidase and alpha-xylosidase activity could be detected in tissues from the transgenic plants. In glasshouse trials, no visible phenotype, change in tuber yield or carbohydrate content was associated with MAL2 down-regulation. The implications of these results are discussed.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of specific high-performance liquid-chromatographic determinations of urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine by comparison with isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

A method for the determination of metanephrine (MN; also known as metadrenaline), normetanephrine (NMN; also known as normetadrenaline) and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in human urine using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrochemical detection (ECD) was validated primarily by comparing the results with those obtained by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference method. Correlation coefficients of 0.93, 0.94 and 0.91 were obtained for MN, NMN and 3-MT, respectively, in a group of healthy controls consisting of 30 women and 30 men. A systematic difference was detected only for 3-MT (-16%). Further tests of accuracy (linearity and recovery) and precision demonstrated that the described method must be considered to be a reliable approach to assess urinary metanephrines in the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma. At lower concentrations (MN, 248 nmol/L; NMN, 434 nmol/L; 3-MT, 402 nmol/L), within-assay coefficients of variation were close to 5% or less (5.3, 4.6 and 2.2%, respectively) and between-assay coefficients of variation were 8.9, 11.2 and 12.3%, respectively, for the same low levels. This raises the possibility that this method can also be applied to assess urinary free, unconjugated metanephrines. Sex differences were detected for MN and NMN excretion when expressed in nmol per 24h and nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively, by both ECD and GC-MS methods.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between free and total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in conditions of modified binding.

OBJECTIVE: A novel assay was employed to study the free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentrations in various populations with different levels of 1,25(OH)2D and vitamin D binding protein (DBP). DESIGN: In 12 healthy women before and after 3 months of oral estrogen/progestagen treatment, 10 pregnant women, and 16 patients with a nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function, the concentrations of total and free 1,25(OH)2D, DBP and albumin were assessed. METHODS: The total concentration of 1,25(OH)2D in serum was assessed using a radioreceptor assay. The free fraction of 1,25(OH)2D was measured using symmetric dialysis. DBP was assessed using single radial immunodiffusion. Serum albumin concentrations were measured on an automated analyzer. RESULTS: In healthy women, the concentrations of total 1,25(OH)2D, free 1,25(OH)2D and DBP were 132+/-19 pmol/l, 92+/-30 fmol/l and 5.59+/-0.43 micromol/l. After 3 months of estrogen/progestagen treatment, total 1,25(OH)2D and DBP levels rose significantly to 175+/-51 pmol/l and 8.32+/-1.59 micromol/l (P< or =0.05 and P< or =0.001); the free 1,25(OH)2D remained unchanged (105+/-39 fmol/l; not significant). Pregnant women had significantly higher levels of total 1,25(OH)2D and DBP (239+/-68 pmol/l and 11.32+/-1.77 micromol/l; both P</=0.001); the free 1,25(OH)2D level, however, was not different (104+/-27 fmol/l; not significant). Unexpectedly, in patients with nephrotic syndrome, no lower DBP levels were found (5.36+/-0.84 micromol/l) relative to that in controls. Despite this, levels of both total (69+/-26 pmol/l, P< or =0.001) and free 1,25(OH)2D (53+/-28 fmol/l; P< or =0.001) were significantly lower than in controls. Albumin levels were lowered from 628+/-38 micromol/l to 300+/-84 micromol/l (P < or = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher estrogen levels result in higher DBP levels, with a parallel rise in total 1,25(OH)2D levels but without a change in the biologically active free fraction. The results in patients with nephrotic syndrome show that, with increasing glomerular protein leakage, the free 1,25(OH)2D concentration cannot be maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of specific high-performance liquid-chromatographic determinations of urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline by comparison with isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

A method for the determination of metadrenaline (MA), normetadrenaline (NMA) and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in human urine using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrochemical detection (ECD) was validated primarily by comparing the results with those obtained by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference method. Correlation coefficients of 0.93, 0.94 and 0.91 were obtained for MA, NMA and 3-MT, respectively, in a group of healthy controls consisting of 30 women and 30 men. A systematic difference was detected only for 3-MT (-16%). Further tests of accuracy (linearity and recovery) and precision demonstrated that the described method must be considered to be a reliable approach to assess urinary metadrenalines in the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma. At lower concentrations (MA, 248 nmol/L; NMA, 434 nmol/L; 3-MT, 402 nmol/L), within-assay coefficients of variation were close to 5% or less (5.3, 4.6 and 2.2%, respectively) and between-assay coefficients of variation were 8.9, 11.2 and 12.3%, respectively, for the same low levels. This raises the possibility that this method can also be applied to assess urinary free, unconjugated metanephrines. Sex differences were detected for MA and NMA excretion when expressed in nmol per 24 h and nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively, by both ECD and GC-MS methods.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2000

A potato alpha-glucosidase gene encodes a glycoprotein-processing alpha-glucosidase II-like activity. Demonstration of enzyme activity and effects of down-regulation in transgenic plants.

In order to elucidate more fully the function of a potato gene (MAL1) encoding alpha-glucosidase activity, transgenic plants in which MAL1 expression was down-regulated were generated using antisense technology. In transgenic lines severely down-regulated in the expression of MAL1, total alpha-glucosidase activity was not decreased in leaves and tubers, and the contents of starch, glucose, fructose and sucrose remained unchanged in tubers. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the MAL1 gene product was more similar to the glycoprotein-processing alpha-glucosidase II of mammalian and yeast origin than to other plant alpha-glucosidases. Using [14C-Glc]-labelled Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 as a substrate, it was demonstrated that glucosidase II activity was markedly down-regulated in microsomes isolated from tubers of four independent antisense lines studied in detail, strongly suggesting that MAL1 encodes glucosidase II activity. In field trials (but not in the glasshouse), MAL1 down-regulation produced an extremely stunted phenotype - the leaves were curled and tuber yield was decreased by 90% compared to control values. Microscopic analysis of leaves revealed significant differences between the antisense and control samples. Plants with down-regulated glucosidase II activity showed a greater degree of plasmolysis, and an increase in the size of mesophyll intracellular spaces. Analysis of cell walls also indicated changes in structure as a result of MAL1 down-regulation. In leaves from four antisense lines, the steady-state transcript level corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, BiP, was enhanced. This is diagnostic of stress in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1999

Manipulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity in potato tubers. An increase in activity leads to an increase in tuber number and a change in tuber size distribution.

S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC; EC 4.1.1.50) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine from putrescine and its activity is rate limiting in this pathway. Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) plants containing both sense and antisense SAMDC constructs driven by the tuber-specific patatin promoter have been generated and analysed. In sense transformants, developing tubers expressed higher steady-state levels of the SAMDC-specific transcript, had higher levels of SAMDC activity and contained significantly higher levels of spermidine than vector-transformed controls. Additionally, there was a significant shift in tuber size distribution with larger numbers of smaller tubers but no overall change in tuber yield. In developing tubers from the antisense transformed lines, there was a decrease in SAMDC transcript level, SAMDC activity and total polyamine levels. However, no obvious phenotypic effect was detected in the tuberisation physiology of the antisense lines.

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase↗
PubMed1999

In Zucker diabetic fatty rats plasma leptin levels are correlated with plasma insulin levels rather than with body weight.

The obese (ob) gene product leptin, secreted from adipose tissue, acts in the hypothalamus to regulate body energy stores. In vitro experiments showed that insulin increases both leptin mRNA expression and leptin secretion by adipocytes. Here, we report on the relationship between plasma insulin and plasma leptin in a longitudinal in vivo study. In Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, an animal model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and in ZDF control rats, blood glucose, body weight, plasma insulin and plasma leptin levels were measured from 10 to 25 weeks of age. In ZDF control rats, body weight, plasma leptin and plasma insulin levels increased gradually during the study period. In ZDF rats, the time course of plasma leptin was similar to that of plasma insulin, but did not parallel that of body weight. Calculation of partial correlation coefficients revealed that in ZDF control rats plasma leptin correlated with body weight rather than with plasma insulin. However, in ZDF rats, plasma leptin correlated with plasma insulin rather than with body weight, suggesting an important role for insulin in the modulation of leptin secretion in this animal model for NIDDM.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Determination of non-protein-bound plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by symmetric (rate) dialysis.

Most of the total circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is bound to plasma proteins, mainly vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and albumin. Only a small fraction in plasma exists in the free form. It is widely assumed that the non-protein-bound free hormone reflects the biologically active fraction. We describe a dialysis method for the determination of plasma free 1,25(OH)2D which is relatively easy to perform. In this symmetric or "rate" dialysis method, identical samples are placed at both sides of a membrane. At one side, tritiated 1,25(OH)2D is added and the rate of transfer of this tritiated 1,25(OH)2D through a dialysis membrane is directly related to the free fraction of plasma 1,25(OH)2D. This method is much less susceptible toward tracer impurities than indirect equilibrium dialysis and centrifugal ultrafiltration. Moreover, it requires much less tracer. The intraassay coefficient of variation for the determination of the free fraction is 1.0%; the interassay variation is 7.7%. Comparison of the free fraction of 23 samples assessed with both centrifugal ultrafiltration and symmetric dialysis showed much higher values using the former method. No significant correlation between the two methods was found. The free fraction of 1,25(OH)2D in normal subjects as assessed with symmetric dialysis ranges from 0.049 to 0.103%.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

cDNA cloning and characterisation of an alpha-glucosidase gene from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Using an Arabidopsis thaliana expressed sequence tag with sequence similarity to human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase as a probe, a potato cDNA was isolated. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide with an Mr value of 105,400 and the most significant matches of the deduced amino acid sequence are with members of family 31 of glucosyl transferase. The potato cDNA was expressed in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is deficient in maltase activity and unable to grow using maltose as a carbon source (ABYSMAL81). Expression of the potato cDNA in the mutant yeast strain restores its ability to use maltose as a carbon source for growth. Additionally, alpha-glucosidase activity could be measured in extracts of the yeast cells following complementation. A range of maltodextrins were substrates for this activity. The steady-state expression level of the potato alpha-glucosidase gene was low in most tissues examined, the highest levels occurring in sprouting tubers and source leaves.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism occurring late after radioiodine treatment for volume reduction of large multinodular goiters.

131I treatment is an effective alternative to surgery in patients with a large, (non-)toxic, compressive goiter. Late development of hyperthyroidism after 131I therapy for nontoxic nodular goiter is considered rare. We have seen this complication in 3 of approximately 80 patients treated with radioiodine for volume reduction of a large, multinodular goiter. Three women, aged 60 to 71 years, had large, multinodular goiters causing tracheal compression. They were clinically euthyroid before 131I therapy and had normal free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were normal in 2 patients and undetectable in 1 patient. Patients 1 and 2 received a single dose of 86 and 48 mCi 131I, respectively. Patient 3 received 20 mCi 131I twice (interval 1 month). Clinical and biochemical thyrotoxicosis with high thyroid radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) developed 10, 6, and 3 months after 131I therapy, respectively, although at control visits 1 to 3 months earlier, serum TSH and FT4 levels were normal. Thyrotoxicosis responded well to methimazole in all three patients. The late occurrence of thyrotoxicosis, high RAIU, and good response to methimazole argue against thyroiditis as the cause of thyrotoxicosis. Serum levels of TSH receptor antibodies, which were undetectable before therapy (patients 1 and 2), were clearly elevated in all three patients during thyrotoxicosis. This is in favor of autoimmune hyperthyroidism as the cause of thyrotoxicosis. These cases illustrate that severe autoimmune hyperthyroidism may occur several months after radioiodine treatment for nontoxic, multinodular goiter. Information about symptoms of hyperthyroidism and regular control visits in the first year after therapy are important in these patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Thyroid function studies in normal pregnant Tanzanian women.

Iodine deficiency is well known as a cause of several disorders such as endemic goiter and cretinism, along with a wide spectrum of psychoneurologic development disorders including endemic mental deficiency, which are generally correlated with damage to the fetus. Since as much as 40% of the Tanzanian population is at risk for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) because they live in iodine-deficient areas, and although the effects of iodine deficiency on human reproduction in Tanzania have not been objectively studied, it is estimated that there are approximately 600,000 cretins and cretinoids in the country as a result of IDD. As a baseline study for future research on iodine deficiency and its effects on human reproduction in Tanzania, we assayed serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) in 93 clinically euthyroid pregnant women and 34 nonpregnant women as controls. Pregnancy was accompanied by significantly increased levels of total T3 and T4, decreased FT4, and increased TSH concentration in serum. However, biochemical euthyroidism (assessed by FT4 and basal TSH) was demonstrated in almost all (99%) of the pregnant subjects in conformity with most of the previous findings elsewhere. We conclude that pregnant Tanzanian women residing in areas without iodine deficiency experience changes in biochemical parameters of thyroid function similar to their counterparts in other places.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Highly sensitive and specific HPLC with fluorometric detection for determination of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine applied to kinetic studies in humans.

An HPLC separation method combined with fluorometric detection was extended to enable simultaneous assessment of plasma 3H-labeled and endogenous epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). Forearm fractional extraction (FFE) of 3H-labeled E and NE and of endogenous E was measured in 40 healthy volunteers who were receiving a continuous infusion of 3H-labeled E and NE. Concentrations of arterial and venous E were 26.8 +/- 1.95 (mean +/- SE) and 6.8 +/- 0.75 ng/L, respectively. Arterial and venous NE and dopamine (DA) were also measured, with respective values of 140.7 +/- 8.5 and 192.1 +/- 15.1 for NE, and 13.1 +/- 0.78 and 11.3 +/- 0.70 ng/L for DA. The FFE of 3H-labeled E was slightly but significantly higher (0.790 +/- 0.016) than the that of either 3H-labeled NE or endogenous E (0.748 +/- 0.0146 and 0.745 +/- 0.0185, respectively; P < 0.001), the correlations being highly significant (r = 0.80, P < 0.001) in both cases. The small difference between the FFE of E and of 3H-labeled E allows the calculation of the apparent spillover of E. However, this spillover was negligible compared with forearm NE spillover (0.0112 +/- 0.0031 vs 1.369 +/- 0.128 ng/L per minute. The high sensitivity of this measurement of venous E widens the possibilities for studying E kinetics under physiological conditions.

Adult↗