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H Boeing

Publications and source records attributed to H Boeing.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Quantitative food intake in the EPIC-Germany cohorts. European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

The EPIC-Heidelberg and the EPIC-Potsdam studies with about 53,000 study participants represent the German contribution to the EPIC (European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) cohort study. Within the EPIC study, standardized 24-hour dietary recalls were applied as a quantitative calibration method in order to estimate the amount of scaling bias introduced by the varying center-specific dietary assessment methods. This article presents intake of food items and food groups in the two German cohorts estimated by 24-hour quantitative dietary recalls. Recalls from 1,013 men and 1,078 women in Heidelberg and 1,032 men and 898 women in Potsdam were included in the analysis. The intake of recorded food items or recipe ingredients as well as fat used for cooking was summarized into 16 main food groups and a variety of different subgroups stratified by sex and weighted for the day of the week and age. In more than 90% of the recalls, consumption of dairy products, cereals and cereal products, bread, fat, and non-alcoholic beverages, particularly coffee/tea, was reported. Inter-cohort evaluations revealed that bread, potatoes, fruit and fat were consumed in higher amounts in the Potsdam cohort while the opposite was found for pasta/rice, non-alcoholic, and alcoholic beverages. It was concluded that the exposure variation was increased by having two instead of one EPIC study centers in Germany.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Dietary habits in the German EPIC cohorts: food group intake estimated with the food frequency questionnaire. European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

In the baseline assessment of the two EPIC-Germany cohorts Heidelberg and Potsdam, dietary information was obtained with an identical food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The optically readable FFQ was designed to assess the usual food and nutrient intake of individuals during the past 12 months. The present analysis was based on dietary data from 25,212 participants in Heidelberg (11,776 men, 13,436 women) and 26,270 participants in Potsdam (10,249 men, 16,021 women). This paper presents the first results of a descriptive dietary analysis on a food group level based on 16 food groups and selected subgroups. Each of these food groups and subgroups was divided into quintiles, and the age-adjusted mean intake for each quintile was calculated. The comparison of dietary habits between the two cohorts, as well as the comparison between men and women within each cohort showed clear differences both in the quintiles of most food groups as well as in the range between the lowest and highest quintile. Except for the food groups non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, sugar and confectionery, sauces, and soups, men and women participating in Potsdam reported higher intakes of all the other food groups. The amount of food intake was generally lower in women than in men, with the exception of vegetables, fruit, dairy products, and non-alcoholic beverages. Further differences between the study centers were observed regarding the use of cooking fat for meat and vegetable preparation. In conclusion, the dietary variation, e.g. the exposure variation, was increased by recruiting two geographically distinct cohorts, instead of only one, in Germany.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Patterns of past alcohol consumption in the EPIC-Germany cohorts. European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

Information on life-long history of alcohol consumption might be more relevant to chronic diseases than current intake. The aim of this study was to describe past alcohol intake and consumption patterns in the EPIC-Germany cohorts, by sex and age, from 1949 to 1998. Past daily consumption of alcoholic beverages - beer, wine, and spirits - was assessed through a lifestyle questionnaire administered to 27,099 subjects of the EPIC-Potsdam and 25,449 subjects of the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort. Recruitment of the cohorts concentrated on men aged 40-64 and on women aged 35-64. For each alcoholic beverage, the consumption at ages 20, 30, and 40 was asked. The data were used to calculate previous mean consumption in 10-year intervals from 1949 to 1998. Alcohol intake was observed to be higher in the Heidelberg than in the Potsdam cohort. Differences between cohorts were most marked for wine consumption which was considerably higher in the Heidelberg cohort. Men consumed approximately 3 times the amount of alcohol of women. Men preferred to drink beer, women preferred to drink wine. For the Potsdam cohort, alcohol intake was observed to increase since 1949. For the Heidelberg cohort, a recent decrease in alcohol intake in males and females of 30 and 40 years of age was noted. The data indicate that collection of alcohol consumption data at various discrete points in time is essential to depict life-long history of alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Alcohol consumption and Helicobacter pylori infection: results from the German National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Alcohol has strong antimicrobial activity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Alcohol consumption may therefore compromise the living conditions of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach. We assessed the relation of alcohol consumption with H. pylori infection among 1,785 participants ages 18-88 in the German National Health and Nutrition Survey. Detailed information on dietary and lifestyle habits was obtained in personal interviews using a standardized food frequency questionnaire. Serum samples were analyzed for H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 39.2%. There was a clear inverse dose-response-relation between reported alcohol consumption and H. pylori infection. The relation persisted after control for potential confounding factors. The adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) for H. pylori infection among persons who consumed up to 10, 10 to 20, and more than 20 gm of alcohol per day compared with non-drinkers were 0.93 (0.77-1.13), 0.82 (0.65-1.04), and 0.71 (0.55-0.92). The inverse relation between alcohol consumption and H. pylori infection was even stronger when individuals with an indication of a recent change of alcohol consumption were excluded from the analysis. These findings support the hypothesis that moderate alcohol consumption may facilitate spontaneous elimination of H. pylori infection among adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Serum caeruloplasmin as a coronary risk factor in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study.

Serum Cu and caeruloplasmin levels have been suggested to be independent risk factors for CHD operating through oxidative modification of LDL. However, given its function as an acute-phase protein, the question has been raised whether an elevated caeruloplasmin level is not merely an indicator of inflammation. In the current study, we investigated whether serum caeruloplasmin was associated with subsequent myocardial infarction, taking into account indices of inflammation. The study population consisted of 210 cases of first myocardial infarction and controls, frequency-matched on age (5-year categories) and sex, selected from the population-based cohort of the Rotterdam Study. Serum caeruloplasmin levels were significantly elevated in cases of myocardial infarction compared with controls (510 (SD 110) v. 470 (SD 100) mg/l; P = 0.007). Risk of myocardial infarction for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of caeruloplasmin was 2.46 (95% CI 1.04, 6.00; Ptrend = 0.043) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, pack-years smoked, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and income. The relative risk was most evident in current smokers. Adjustment for C-reactive protein and leucocyte count reduced the excess risk by 33%. This suggests that a substantial part of the observed association between serum caeruloplasmin and CHD may be attributed to inflammation processes rather than to the pro-oxidant activity of caeruloplasmin.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Influence of lifestyle on the use of supplements in the Brandenburg nutrition and cancer study].

Differences in dietary habits and lifestyle factors associated with a high dietary intake of fruit and vegetables are discussed and used to explain the disparity between results of observational epidemiologic studies consistently showing antioxidative vitamins to exert a protective effect on chronic diseases, and intervention studies so far not confirming this association. Within the scope of the "Brandenburger Ernährungs- und Krebsstudie", the East German contribution to the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), we examined whether study participants using supplements on a regular basis--minerals, vitamins, protein formulation, bran/linseed, fiber, yeast or garlic pills--differed from those who did not report use of supplements according to selected lifestyle factors and dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, fiber, cholesterol, and fat from food. The study sample consisted of 10,522 participants (4,500 men and 6,022 women) aged 35-65 years enrolled in the cohort from January 1995 to July 1996. Regular intake of one or more supplements during the past year was reported by 32.6% of women and 25.5% of men. Vitamin supplements were used by 18.8% of the women and 15.8% of the men. Figures for minerals were 14.2% for women and 8.6% for men, respectively. Garlic pills were taken regularly by 9.7% of men and 9.3% of women. Prevalence of supplement use was generally higher in women and was more pronounced in elderly participants. The most frequently used combinations were vitamin and mineral supplements, followed by a combination of garlic and either vitamin or mineral supplements. Increased use of supplements was significantly associated with higher level of education attained, regular engagement in sporting activities, health complaints, and dietary change during the previous year. No association between use of supplements and smoking status nor elevated alcohol consumption was observed. Body mass index above 30 was significantly related to increased intake of garlic pills, and in women to significantly increased use of vitamin and mineral supplements. For both men and women, age-adjusted consumption of fruit and vegetables and intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber from food was higher for participants using mineral but also vitamin supplements compared to those who did not use these supplements. For the cohort of the "Brandenburger Ernährungs- und Krebsstudie" we observed on the one hand that age, gender, and health-conscious lifestyle factors were related to supplement use. On the other hand presence of subjective health complaints was related to supplement use, especially for use of vitamins and minerals. Participants, who regularly consumed minerals and vitamins were also shown to have a higher intake of foods and nutrients considered to exert an antioxidative effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Flavonols, flavone and anthocyanins as natural antioxidants of food and their possible role in the prevention of chronic diseases].

Flavonoids are non-nutritive compounds of plants that have been intensively investigated during the past years due to their possible protective effects against chronic diseases. In vitro studies were able to demonstrate for flavonols, flavones, and most recently also for anthocyanins a considerable antioxidative activity, mainly based on scavenging of oxygen radicals. Flavonols and anthocyanins are commonly found in European fruits and vegetables. In addition, black tea and red wine may have a high content of these compounds. Those food items are the main sources of flavonol consumption each contributing to a different degree to the overall intake. The absorption of aglycones has been established before. However, only recently could the absorption of flavonolglycosides be demonstrated. The mean intake of flavonols of the German population was calculated using data from the National German Food Consumption Survey. According to this analysis, the daily per capita intake was about 11.5 mg flavonols, mainly derived from fruits and vegetables, but also from black tea and red wine. Epidemiological studies have been directed to investigate the association between flavonol consumption and diseae risk. An inverse association between flavonol intake and mortality from myocardial infarction was observed. According to one of three studies, the flavonoid intake can be inversely correlated with cancer risk. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the occurrence, intake, bioavailability, and antioxidative properties of flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins as well as the associations between flavonol intake and disease risks. Possible health related effects especially of flavonols are critically reflected, and the necessity of further research in outlined.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1998

Public health aspects of nutritional science in Estonia: status, research activities, and perspectives.

At the beginning of the 1990s Estonia was characterized by remarkable social and economic changes that also affected nutrition. An important step in the development of a Food and Nutrition policy was the adoption of a new 'Food Law' in February 1995. The publication of dietary recommendations followed recently. Scientific activities in Estonia are promoted by the 1993 established 'Estonian Society of Nutrition Researchers' (ESNS). The 'Ministry of Social Affairs' is of great importance for coordination of research into nutrition and it is making a great effort to connect Estonian nutrition research activities to European and international programs. An important field of scientific interest is concentrated on the nutrition of children and elderly people. With support of the 'Ministry of Social Affairs' a national health program for children and teenagers was established in which a school lunch project is integrated. Such a project has the aim to improve the quality of school lunches and to enable school teachers to conduct nutritional education. Within this national health program 1,900 schoolchildren were interviewed. This examination will also help to detect inequalities of the nutritional situation between social groups and to identify specific aims for a nutritional program in the different counties of Estonia. Health promoting units at schools will play an important role in realizing these aims. The nutritional supply and status of older persons will become an increasing problem. A survey of food supply with 429 subjects in social care facilities for older people was used to develop a new menu-planning system which meets the nutritional recommendations. Nutritional epidemiology is concentrated at the 'Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics' of the 'Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine' in Tallinn. This department is also running the cancer registry of Estonia which has international reputation. Nutritional research of Estonia should aim to continue with the development of a new Food and Nutrition Policy. Important areas of activities will be concentrated on the training of young scientists, development of a food and nutrient data base, regular national nutrition and health surveys, and etiological-epidemiological studies on the basis of the Estonian Cancer Registry. The main targets of the 'Estonian Society of Nutrition Researchers' are directed to improve the scientific basis for research into nutrition and health.

Estonia↗
PubMed1998

[EPIC-SOFT a European computer program for 24-hour dietary protocols].

Within the EPIC study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) a calibration approach is applied to compare dietary data obtained by food frequency questionnaires from 9 European countries. A software for 24-h recalls was developed as the calibration instrument by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in collaboration with all national EPIC centers. This computer program, called EPIC-SOFT, is an interview-based dietary assessment instrument that allows one to obtain a very detailed description and quantification of foods, recipes, and supplements consumed in the course of the preceding day. Probing questions and entering consumed foods in chronological order support the respondent's memory. The standardized structure prescribes--on the food group level--possibilities of description and quantification of food items to choose from. Quantification of consumed foods is supported by the EPIC-SOFT picture book that comprises colored photographs of foods in different portion sizes. The software provides an automatic coding of food items and recipe ingredients as well as calculation of nutrient intake. EPIC-SOFT is characterized by the obtained standardization of dietary data within Europe, a large number of available foods and recipes, and a very detailed description of consumed foods. Currently, EPIC-SOFT is one of the few dietary instruments providing comparable nutritional data within Europe.

Calibration↗
PubMed1998

Is macronutrient composition of dietary intake data affected by underreporting? Results from the EPIC-Potsdam Study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether subjects with low reported relative energy intake differ from those with higher relative energy intake according to characteristics such as obesity, physical activity, and macronutrient composition of the diet. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from a cohort study employing a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ). To determine energy intake relative BMR the ratio of reported energy intake (EI) to BMR was used and categorized by quintiles. SETTING: East German (Potsdam) cohort of the EPIC study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) SUBJECTS: 2862 women and 2356 men taking part in the EPIC-Potsdam study from January 1st to December 31st 1995. RESULTS: A significant declining trend could be observed for BMI, percentage of body fat, and body weight from the lower to the highest quintile of EI/BMR. BMR was slightly decreasing, whereas physical activity was slightly increasing with quintiles of EI/BMR. Absolute macronutrient intake was directly related to EI/BMR. Percent macronutrient intake indicated lower fat intake, and higher carbohydrate and protein intake in low energy reporters. Energy adjusted macronutrient intake by the residual method showed no dependencies on EI/BMR. CONCLUSIONS: Underestimation of energy intake is related to obesity and affects the relation of macronutrients in the reported diet. This implies, that the assumption of adequate ranking of subjects by a SFFQ cannot be maintained. Energy adjusted intake values according to the residual method should be employed in diet-disease risk analysis since they are found to be independent of the methodological influence of underreporting.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reproducibility of self-reported past body weight.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reproducibility of self-reported past body weight for ages 25 and 40 y and effects influencing recall of body weight. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Repeated administration of a computer-guided interview including questions on past body weight for 25 and 40 y of age to 120 middle-aged participants of a validation study on dietary assessment methods at the EPIC-Potsdam study centre. Recall error was defined as difference in body weight reported in the second compared to the first interview. Reproducibility of recall of body weight was assessed by plotting the difference between the interviews against the mean of the recalled weight. Possible influences of sex, age, measured current body weight, current body mass index, and highest education attained on recall error were examined. RESULTS: Mean difference in recalled body weight was small, but variation of differences was considerable. Classification into recall error strata demonstrated reproducibility of weight recall within +/-3 kg for 75.8% for weight recall for age 25 y and 81.7% for age 40 y, respectively. Absolute recall error was not influenced by age, sex, current body weight, current BMI, and educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high degree of reproducibility of self-reported past body weight for ages 25 and 40 y between the two interviews administered. With respect to reproducibility administration of a single questionnaire or interview to obtain information on past body weight thus seems to be sufficient.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Low-dose spiral computed tomography for measuring abdominal fat volume and distribution in a clinical setting.

OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) has been used to measure body composition, however, a technique with reduced radiation exposure has not yet been introduced. This study tested a low-dose spiral CT technique on a phantom to determine its validity and reproducibility. The method was then applied for volume and distribution measurements in patients. DESIGN: Construction and measurement of a phantom followed by measurement of patients referred to CT for clinical indications. SETTING: Radiology Department, University Hospital. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four post-gastrectomy patients. INTERVENTION: A 22 cm phantom with a known amount of water and fat was scanned using high- and low-dose technique, standard and double table speed during a volumetric scan. The low-dose technique was implemented in the patient group. Total volume, total fat and four defined compartmental fat volumes in the truncal area were measured. RESULTS: The mean fat volume measured using the low-dose CT technique in the phantom was 0.2% above the actual fat content. The coefficient of variation for this method was 5%. By using low-dose, double speed instead of standard-dose technique, radiation exposure to the skin was decreased by more than 90% (equivalent to 4 mGy) of what is used in diagnostic imaging. The patient scans showed that no significant differences in BMI and total measured volume existed between female and male patients, but percent fat and percent subcutaneous fat were significantly larger in women (P = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively), as were percent intraabdominal and mediastinal fat in men (P = 0.002 and 0.003 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose spiral CT accurately measures fat volume in vitro, and can be used in vivo for compartmental fat measurements.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

Obesity, body fat distribution and body build: their relation to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation of skeletal body build and obesity to blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data obtained from the baseline recruitment of the EPIC-Potsdam Study, which is part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). SUBJECTS: A total of 10,303 subjects (4387 men, aged 40-65 y and 5916 women, aged 35-65 y) were recruited between January 1995 and July 1996. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measures included body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and metrik index (MIX) as a measure of body build that is derived from the relation of chest depth and breadth to body height. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was obtained using automatic oscillometric devices. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure > or = 160/95 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Information on lifestyle factors were obtained by personal interview. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was used to define the association of categories of BMI, WHR, and MIX and the prevalence of hypertension. Odds ratios (ORs) of being hypertensive were estimated comparing the highest to the lowest quintile, adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol intake level, educational attainment, physical activity categories, and each of the anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The simultaneously adjusted OR of being hypertensive, comparing the highest vs the lowest category, was for BMI 2.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-3.2) in men and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.4-2.5) in women, for WHR 1.8 (95% CI = 1.4-2.4) in men and 1.5 (95% CI = 1.2-2.0) in women, and for MIX (largest chest size vs lowest chest size relative to body height) 2.0 (95% CI = 1.4-2.8) in men and 2.2 (95% CI = 1.6-3.1) in women. CONCLUSION: In addition to measures of overall obesity (BMI) as well as central obesity (WHR), skeletal body build (MIX) was independently associated with the prevalence of hypertension. The biological mechanism relating MIX to hypertension, however, is still unclear and needs further exploration.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Blood pressure measurement in epidemiological studies: a comparative analysis of two methods. Data from the EPIC-Potsdam Study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of a device replacement in blood pressure measurement in epidemiological studies on comparison and interpretation of epidemiological data by replacing traditional aneroid manometry with automated oscillometric devices. DESIGN: Within the context of a continuing epidemiological study (EPIC-Potsdam Study), blood pressure measurements were performed simultaneously with an aneroid sphygmomanometer and an automated oscillometric device for each subject. We randomly selected 400 men and women from the main study population and one observer performed three consecutive blood pressure measurements for each subject according to a standardized procedure. In total, 10 oscillometric devices of the same type were used. Demographic and anthropometric data for each subject were obtained by trained interviewers. RESULTS: The mean difference between the aneroid and the oscillometric measurements of systolic blood pressure was 0.2 +/- 5.6 mmHg (aneroid value greater, NS), whereas the mean difference in diastolic blood pressure, 0.5 +/- 3.5 mmHg (aneroid value smaller), attained statistical significance (P = 0.0001). Estimates of prevalence for hypertension differed by 0.4% for women, and by 2.9% for men. Associations with the differences between methods were observed with age, blood pressure, lean body mass, upper arm circumference and specific devices without indicating a strong and consistent pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The use of automated oscillometric devices in epidemiological studies introduces a bias of very small magnitude compared with use of the aneroid method. The effect of the change to this automated measurement procedure on prevalence estimates is small but might affect comparability of data. Minor differences in measurement performance between devices of one type might affect population parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Determination of total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and physical activity in lean and overweight people.

A new 2H/1H and 18O/16O equilibration device was tested, standardized and employed for the determination of total energy expenditure. It was shown that overweight men and women have increased resting metabolic rate as well as increased total energy expenditure when compared to their lean counterparts. The physical activity level (PAL)index was slightly decreased which possibly suggests a decreased physical activity in obese people.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Diet, obesity and risk for renal cell carcinoma: results from a case control-study in Germany.

Increasing incidence of renal cell carcinoma in Western countries raises particular attention to its etiology. Diet may be related to risk for renal cell carcinoma since obesity has been linked with this malignant condition. A case-control study with 277 incident renal cell cancer patients (ICD 189.0) and 286 population controls was conducted in the Rhein-Neckar-Odenwald area, Germany, in the period of 1989 to 1991. The core study protocol included a face-to-face interview about demographical parameters, previous diseases, medication, tobacco smoking, occupational history, occupational exposures, beverage consumption, and obesity. In addition, study participants were asked to fill in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire with 122 food items to estimate overall food intake. Fifty-six % of the cases and 74% of the controls participated in this part of the study (n = 155 cases and 212 controls). This was 47% of the original cases (n = 328) and 56% of the controls (n = 381). No selection bias could be identified with regard to age group, gender, educational status or recent BMI in the analyzed group compared with the eligible cases and controls. Relative risk (RR) estimates for tertiles of consumption revealed a significantly increased risk with increasing intake of fat spread (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.90 (95% CI 1.08-3.32)). Increased risk was also found for intake of meat and meat products (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.71 (95% CI 0.96-3.04)) and energy adjusted fat (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.64 (95% CI 0.95-2.83)). A decreased risk was seen with increasing intake of fruit (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 0.40 (95% CI 0.23-0.69)) and of vitamin C (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 0.62 (95% CI 0.37-1.05)). Beverage consumption, preparation of food and eating pattern were not linked with risk of renal cell cancer. The relative risk estimates of spreading fat (sauce and vitamin C intake were tested in two models, with and without including BMI as covariate. In both models significant associations of these nutritional variables with risk for renal cell cancer remained. The current results indicate that specific food pattern associated with obesity explain differences in incidence of renal cell carcinoma in industrialized countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Status of alimentary iodine supply in the Potsdam area].

In the period from November 1995 to April 1996 we have collected 120 samples of 24-h-urine from volunteers of the "Brandenburger Ernährungs- und Krebsstudie". 108 persons--without iodine supplementation--showed an average iodine excretion about 99 micrograms I/g creatinine, and the median value showed 94.2. Only 45.4% of the samples indicated a sufficient iodine supply. In 43.5% an iodine deficiency grade I was registered, and in 11.1% grade II. An iodine deficiency grade III did not occur. Due to the increased use of iodized salt in meat- and cereal products, to intensive public education etc. it seems, that the individual iodine intake is better than some years ago. But the iodine deficiency prophylaxis should be further more continued.

Adult↗