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Biomedical subjects

H Boeing

Publications and source records attributed to H Boeing.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Obesity as a major determinant of underreporting in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire: results from the EPIC-Potsdam Study.

The phenomenon of underreporting of dietary intake has been observed previously in many epidemiologic studies. In this study it was investigated whether dependencies exist between energy intake obtained by a semi-quantitative, self-administered food frequency questionnaire and lifestyle or anthropometric factors, particularly obesity. The study population consisted of 2,531 subjects, men aged 40 to 64 years and women aged 35 to 64 years from the general population of Potsdam and the surrounding areas. First, subjects were allocated into quintiles of the ratio 'reported energy intake (EI)' to 'calculated basal metabolic rate (BMR)' as a measure of age and weight adjusted energy intake. No apparent dependencies between socio-economic variables and the ratio EI/BMR were observed. Among anthropometric variables, BMI and related measures of obesity were inversely related to the ratio EI/BMR in men and women. While dietary intake was directly related to the ratio EI/BMR in absolute quantities, energy adjusted intake of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and alcohol was found to be independent of this ratio. Energy adjusted food group consumption was also found to be independent of the ratio EI/BMR, showing only slightly increasing trends across quintiles of EI/BMR for cereals and fats, and a slightly decreasing trend for sweet foods in women. When subjects were classified into three categories of BMI, reported energy intake decreased across categories. Estimated energy expenditure based on BMR was increasing with BMI categories. A close direct relationship was observed between BMI categories and the difference between reported energy intake and estimated energy expenditure. It is concluded that obesity is a major determinant of under-reporting. Energy adjusted dietary variables were found to be largely independent of such methodological influences.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to energy intake during pregnancy, and whether BMI, energy intake and other factors are related to net weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal, duration of pregnancy. SUBJECTS: 156 healthy pregnant women residing in Quedlinburg county, Germany. METHODS: Weighed 7 d food records and standardized anthropometric measures in the first, second and third trimester. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique was used to analyze differences in energy intake, net weight gain and birthweight across BMI groups, and the Cochran-Mantel Haenszel test was used to analyze food group intake by BMI group. RESULTS: Women at the highest level of BMI were significantly less often in the high energy intake category than women at the medium or low level of BMI (15% vs 36% and 48%). Net weight gain during pregnancy was independently influenced by BMI status and energy intake. Women at the highest level of BMI gained significantly less weight (4.2 kg) from first to third trimester than women at the medium or low levels of BMI (weight gains of 6.2 kg and 5.9 kg, respectively). Women with a low daily energy intake gained 4.6 kg during pregnancy, while women with medium and high energy intakes gained 6.0 kg and 6.1 kg, respectively. Examination of net weight gain simultaneously across BMI and parity groups revealed a much lower net weight gain among multigravid women at the highest BMI level (3.3 kg). Primigravid high BMI women, in contrast, gained 6.9 kg, whereas multigravid and primigravid women at medium and low BMI levels gained average of 4.8 kg and 6.5 kg, respectively. The mean birth weight in the three BMI groups did not differ and was not influenced by age, marital status, education, parity or smoking. CONCLUSION: Because other studies have shown that weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of subsequent overweight, multigravid high BMI women may prevent an increased weight retention after pregnancy due to lower weight gain in the current gestation. A lower caloric diet may help to accomplish a lower weight gain during pregnancy in overweight women without increased risk of low birth weight infants. These findings indicate further investigation of the associations between BMI, parity and caloric intake during pregnancy are needed to increase understanding of factors affecting subsequent weight gain.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interviewer variability in anthropometric measurements and estimates of body composition.

OBJECTIVE: The extent of intra- and inter-interviewer variability both in anthropometric measurements and in estimates of body composition was assessed and the possibility of systematic variation due to interviewer differences investigated. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Seventeen interviewers trained in the anthropometric measurement technique and 10 healthy volunteers (4 men, 6 women) participated in the study on measurement variability. To ensure participation of all interviewers the study was carried out on three different days. On each of these days interviewers got randomly allocated to the subjects being present. Each interviewer took 12 measurements--body weight, body height, sitting height, circumferences of waist, hip, and midarm, skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac), chest breath and depth--per subject on two occasions. From these measurements, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, percentage of body fat, fat mass, fat free mass and metric index were determined. For all anthropometric variables variance components, reliability coefficients (R) and coefficients of variation (CV) were estimated and systematic differences of measurements between interviewers were assessed. RESULTS: Measurement reliability in basic anthropometric measures expressed as variance components, reliability coefficients and coefficients of variation was influenced to a greater extent by inter-interviewer variability (R: 0.858-0.999; CV: 0.1-20.9) than intra-interviewer variability (R: 0.979-0.999; CV: 0.0-6.4). The respective estimates of body composition exhibited comparatively higher reliability (Rinter: 0.975-0.999; Rintra: 0.995-0.999). Measurements more prone to subjectivity, e.g. skinfolds showed lower reliability (CVinter: 9.3-20.9; CVintra: 3.6-6.4). Although the absolute variation in measures due to interviewers was small, systematic differences among interviewers were clearly evident in all measurements and estimates except sitting height in this group of subjects. CONCLUSION: Anthropometric measures and estimates of body composition obtained in the current study show the feasibility of detailed anthropometric data collection by multiple interviewers in large-scale epidemiological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the German part of the EPIC project. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: For the German part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a self-administered, optically-readable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), including 158 food items and 87 coloured portion size photographs, was developed to assess the usual food and nutrient intake of individuals during the past year. In 1991/1992, the reproducibility and validity of the questionnaire measurements were studied according to the EPIC protocol. This article reports the results on reproducibility and relative validity of measurement of food group intake. METHODS: A total of 104 men and women aged 35-64 years, who are members of the local health insurance institution, AOK Heidelberg, participated in this study. Reproducibility of the questionnaire measurements was obtained by a repeated administration of the FFQ to the same study subjects at a 6-month interval. The mean of 12 24-hour dietary recalls applied at monthly intervals served as reference method for the estimation of the relative validity of questionnaire measurements. A second version of the FFQ that integrated questions on general food consumption patterns was also investigated. RESULTS: Spearman test-retest correlations of food group intake ranged from 0.49 for bread to 0.89 for alcoholic beverages (median = 0.70). Spearman correlations between food group intake values derived from the 24-hour diet recalls and the FFQ completed in the summer of 1992 varied from 0.14 for legumes to 0.90 for alcoholic beverages (median = 0.45). Correction for attenuation due to within-person error in the reference method as well as the correction for general consumption patterns improved the correlations. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that our newly developed FFQ gives reproducible estimates of food group intake. Large day-to-day variation in food group intake complicated the evaluation of FFQ validity. Overall, moderate levels of relative validity were observed for estimates of food group intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Reproducibility and relative validity of energy and macronutrient intake of a food frequency questionnaire developed for the German part of the EPIC project. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: For use in the German part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) a self-administered, optically readable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess individuals' usual food and nutrient intake over the past year. The food list comprised 158 food items for which the typical portion size, the consumption frequency (1-6 times) and the time period (day, week, month, or year) were requested. This paper reports the results of the reproducibility and relative validity of nutrient intakes obtained by this instrument. METHODS: The study was carried out from October 1991 to October 1992. During this period, 104 men and women, aged 35-64 years, completed a 24-hour recall once a month, and the FFQ in the middle and at the end of this study. A short questionnaire on global consumption patterns was used to adjust the food consumption frequency given in the FFQ. RESULTS: Reproducibility correlations varied from 0.59 for saturated fat to 0.88 for alcohol, with most values falling between 0.60 and 0.70. Energy-adjustment decreased the observed correlations for all nutrients. Correlations between nutrient intake values from the 12-day average of dietary recalls and the FFQ corrected for food consumption frequency ranged from 0.42 for polyunsaturated fat to 0.88 for alcohol, followed by 0.65 for dietary fibres. After de-attenuation and energy-adjustment the range of correlations was somewhat wider (0.43-0.75, without alcohol). With regard to classification, on average, 36% of subjects fell into the same quintile, and 75% into within-one quintile when classified by the frequency-corrected FFQ compared to the quintiles based on recalled data. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the newly developed FFQ showed fairly good reproducibility and relative validity for most evaluated nutrients. The between-subject variation of nutrients in the German cohort (including the participants from East Germany) is likely to be greater than that among the subjects of the pilot phase. A revised version of the FFQ corrected for food consumption frequency is used in the EPIC study.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The relative validity of vitamin intakes derived from a food frequency questionnaire compared to 24-hour recalls and biological measurements: results from the EPIC pilot study in Germany. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: For the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study Germany, a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed and tested for its relative validity and reproducibility in 1991/1992. Study participants were 92 potential cohort members. This paper reports results regarding retinol, carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid. METHODS: Study participants were invited to the study centre in Heidelberg once a month over one year. At each visit, a 24 hour recall was obtained. The FFQ was filled in twice with a 6-month interval (FFQ1, FFQ2). In addition, a questionnaire on general consumption frequencies of 14 broad food groups was completed. This information was combined with estimates derived from FFQ2 and frequency-corrected food and nutrient intakes were calculated (FFQcorr). Blood specimens were taken in winter and summer 1992. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation of the FFQ ranged from 0.65 to 0.67 for retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid. Intake of carotenoids by FFQcorr showed de-attenuated Pearson correlation coefficients with blood values in the order of 0.37, and with recall data of 0.44. Respective correlations for retinol were 0.21 and 0.29, for tocopherols 0.18 and 0.52, and for ascorbic acid 0.36 and 0.69. Errors of FFQcorr and 24-hour diet recalls were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: In general, it was demonstrated that the FFQ was able to rank participants into biologically meaningful categories of intake or blood concentrations for carotenoids and ascorbic acid, but misclassification was higher for tocopherol and retinol.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of longterm placebo controlled calcium supplementation on sigmoidal cell proliferation in patients with sporadic adenomatous polyps.

A longterm, double blind intervention trial was undertaken in patients with sporadic adenoma treated by polypectomy to investigate the putative role of calcium as a protective factor in colon carcinogenesis. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a daily dietary supplementation of 2 g calcium over nine months on cell proliferation measured as proliferation index in colonic mucosa. A total of 48 patients were entered into the study of which 30 were fully compliant. After intervention proliferation index % (mean (SEM) in colonic epithelium was decreased in both the calcium (13.5 (1.5) to 11.4 (1.2)) and the placebo group (13.7 (0.9) to 10.8 (1.1)). The difference in the change between the two groups was not significant (p = 0.7). Changes in proliferation index % of crypt compartments were also not significantly different between the two groups. A significantly positive correlation between soluble calcium in faeces and the total proliferation index % in colonic epithelium at baseline and after intervention (r = 0.54, p < 0.01, r = 0.50, p < 0.01 respectively) suggests that an increase of free luminal calcium alone is insufficient for inhibition of cellular proliferation.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1996

Diet and Parkinson's disease. I: A possible role for the past intake of specific foods and food groups. Results from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study.

In a case-control study, we compared the past dietary habits of 342 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients recruited from nine German clinics with those of 342 controls from the same neighborhood or region. Data were gathered with a structured interview and a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire, and analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression to control for educational status and cigarette smoking. There was no significant difference between cases and controls in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, although there was a negative trend for the consumption of raw vegetables. Controls reported a higher potato consumption than patients (OR = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-0.74, highest versus lowest quartile). Patients reported eating significantly larger quantities of sweet foods as well as having more snacks than controls. This may, however, be the result of an illness-related change in dietary habits leading to a selective recall effect, since sweet foods may enhance the transport of L-dopa across the blood-brain barrier. We also found that patients consumed less beer (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.14-0.49) and spirits (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.86), but not wine, and they consumed less coffee (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.14-0.52, highest versus lowest quartile), but not tea, than controls. This may relate to a possible interaction between dopaminergic activity and the intake of ethanol or caffeine. Significantly more patients than controls reported ever consuming raw meat (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.21-2.63). These results suggest that the intake of certain foods may be associated with the development of PD.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1996

Diet and Parkinson's disease. II: A possible role for the past intake of specific nutrients. Results from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study.

In a case-control study, we compared the past dietary habits of 342 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients recruited from nine German clinics with those of 342 controls from the same neighborhood or region. Data were gathered with a structured interview and a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Nutrient intakes were calculated from the reported food intakes through linkage with the German Federal Food Code and analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression to control for total energy intake, educational status, and cigarette smoking. At the macronutrient level, patients reported higher carbohydrate intake than controls after adjustment for total energy intake, smoking, and educational status (OR = 2.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-6.07, for the highest versus lowest quartile, p trend = 0.02). This was reflected in higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intakes at the nutrient level. There was no difference between patients and controls in protein and fat intake after adjustment for energy intake. We found an inverse association between the intakes of beta-carotene (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.37-1.19, p trend = 0.06) and ascorbic acid (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.33-1.09, p trend = 0.04) by patients, although only the trend for ascorbic acid intake reached statistical significance. There was no difference between groups for alpha-tocopherol intake after adjustment for energy intake. We also found that patients reported a significantly lower intake of niacin than controls (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07-0.33, p trend < 0.00005). Our results suggest that if antioxidants play a protective role in this disease, the amounts provided by diet alone are insufficient. Although the interpretation of the inverse association between niacin intake and PD is complicated by the high niacin content in coffee and alcoholic beverages, which were also inversely associated with PD in this study, the strength of this association and its biologic plausibility warrant further investigation.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1994

Dietary habits and colorectal cancer in a low-risk area. Results from a population-based case-control study in southern Italy.

Many epidemiological studies have focused on the relationships between diet and colorectal cancer, but only a few have been conducted in the Mediterranean area. A population-based case-control study was carried out from July 1987 to June 1989 in a low-risk area in Southern Italy. By means of an "ad hoc" tumor registry, 132 diagnosed colorectal cancers were detected during the two years of study. One hundred nineteen of these 132 colorectal cancer cases were interviewed about their personal dietary habits with use of a questionnaire concerning the frequency of consumption of 70 foods or beverages. An equal number of controls was randomly selected from the lists of general practitioners of the area during the same period and interviewed with the same food frequency questionnaire. In a multivariate analysis, the relative risks (RRs) of developing colorectal cancer were estimated according to the different levels of consumption of food groups and selected food items. All RRs were adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, and modifications in diet in the previous 10 years. The risk of colorectal cancer increased nearly threefold for the highest level of consumption of foods with a high content of refined sugar [RR = 2.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-5.97] and for the consumption of wine (> 1 l/day) (RR = 3.22, 95% CI 1.05-9.88). An inverse relationship was revealed for the highest consumption of raw and cooked vegetables (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.25-1.04) and diary products (RR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.98) and for the consumption of more than two cups of coffee per day (RR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.89). In this Mediterranean area, the main source of calories, cereals, did not show a significant relationship with colorectal cancer. These findings support the hypothesis that the local Mediterranean dietary pattern could explain the low risk of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Dietary fat and sports activity as determinants for age at menarche.

A prospective study (1985-1991) was conducted to evaluate the role of nutrition, physical activity, and other life-style factors for the age at menarche, a known breast cancer risk factor. In 1988-1989, a total of 261 girls, aged 8-15 years, from a nationwide representative nutrition and activity survey (1985-1988) responded additionally to a mailed questionnaire on personal maturation and anthropometric data, physical activity, and information about nutritional habits, measured by a short food-frequency questionnaire. All girls without menarche at the time of questionnaire mailing were observed for 2 years or until the event of menarche. At the end of the follow-up period, 79% of the girls had experienced menarche. The survey and questionnaire data were analyzed for their relation to age at menarche using Cox's proportional hazards method. After excluding participants with largely deviating measurements between survey and questionnaire, the increased energy-adjusted fat intake was associated with accelerated menarche (relative risk = 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.0; lowest vs. highest quartile), while increased sports activity was associated with a delay in menarche (relative risk = 0.3; 95% confidence interval 0.1-0.5; lowest vs. highest quartile). Parameters of physical development such as body weight or body fatness were found to be predictors of menarche. The study provides evidence that dietary effects on breast cancer risk might be indirect by influencing hormonal events like the age at menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Dietary carcinogens and the risk for glioma and meningioma in Germany.

A population-based case-control study was performed in South-West Germany in 1987/88 with 115 histological confirmed glioma and 81 meningioma cases and 418 randomly selected controls. On the basis of information from a food-frequency questionnaire and questions on food preparation and food supply, the role of dietary carcinogens, in particular N-nitroso compounds or their precursors, on risk for glioma and meningioma were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Eleven food groups were investigated. The intake of processed meat was significantly associated with an increased risk of glioma. The intake of any food group was not significantly related to meningioma risk. Among single meat products, a significantly higher risk of glioma was found for cooked ham, processed pork meat and fried bacon. For the consumption of 3 N-nitrosamines, assessed from the intake of processed meat and cheese, significant positive relations to glioma risk were found. These N-nitrosamines were also related to meningioma risk, although to a less pronounced extent. The risk for occurrence of glioma was significantly increased for those using vegetable fat frequently for deep frying, as compared with non-users. For the dietary intake of nitrate, nitrite, vitamin C, specific alcoholic beverages, total alcohol, and water from a non-central supply, no elevated risk was found in this study.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

Familial risk of colo-rectal cancer in a low incidence area in southern Italy.

The risk of colo-rectal cancer (CRC) in subjects with a positive family history (FH+) for malignancy has been assessed by means of a case-control study carried out between 1987-89 in an area of about 215,000 inhabitants in Southern Italy. One hundred and nineteen CRC cases were compared with 119 sex- and age-frequency matched population controls. Detailed pedigrees were collected at the family homes of both cases and controls. The odds ratio (OR) of CRC, adjusted by means of logistic regression for age, sex and number of first-degree relatives, increased with the number of any kinds of cancers in first-degree relatives with a significant linear trend (p = 0.042), while there was no risk with a FH+ for digestive cancer excluding CRC or for other cancers excluding large bowel and digestive organs. The OR (and 95% confidence interval) for CRC was 5.9 (1.64-21.23) for at least one first-degree relative with CRC. After a mutual adjustment between CRC and the other cancers in the families of cases and controls, the risk of CRC with a FH+ for other cancers did not change, revealing a strong association (p = 0.002) for CRC alone. From the analysis of the family history of cancer in the case group, the relative frequency of families that satisfied the criteria for so-called hereditary non-polyposic colo-rectal cancer (HNPCC) was 2.6%. The increased relative risk of CRC observed only in families with FH+ for CRC is a supportive finding for organizing and planning prevention and genetic counselling for these families, whose members should be referred for further assessment.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Vodka consumption, tobacco smoking and risk of gastric cancer in Poland.

A multicentre hospital-based incident case-control study with 520 male gastric cancer cases aged < 75 years and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls without cancer has been carried out in Poland to assess potential risks due to smoking and alcohol consumption. It was shown that after adjusting for socio-demographic and dietary confounders and vodka drinking, smoking cigarettes had no significant effect on risk. The estimated relative risk (RR) increased to 2.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 0.97-5.28) for intestinal cardia cancer for those who smoked cigarettes without filters. The RR for stomach cancer grew as the frequency and amount of vodka drunk increased. People drinking vodka at least once a week had about a threefold higher risk compared to non-drinkers (RR = 3.06, 95% CI : 1.90-4.95). The effect of vodka drinking on risk was particularly strong for non-cardia cancers of the intestinal type. Those who usually drank vodka before breakfast had an elevated risk (RR = 2.98, 95% CI : 1.60-5.53) which was also present in all the subgroups investigated. Cardia and non-cardia cancer showed differences with respect to the interaction between tobacco smoking and vodka drinking. For cancers of the cardia region the risk was low for non-smokers or those who drank small amounts of vodka. The risk for cardia cancer increased considerably for smokers of cigarettes without filters and vodka drinkers who consumed large amounts (RR = 3.70, 95% CI : 1.13-12.06). For the non-cardia region a uniform increase could be observed for vodka drinking regardless of cigarette smoking status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Proliferation cell nuclear antigen (clone 19A2) correlates with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labelling in human colonic epithelium.

Measurements of cell proliferation can be used as biomarkers of preneoplastic change. In this study, two immunocytochemical methods that measure different components of the cell cycle were compared to assess cell proliferation on biopsy samples from human colonic mucosa. These methods are based on a monoclonal antibody against 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), which is confined to S phase cells, and a more broad assessment of proliferation based on an antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, clone 19A2). In the PCNA assay, only strongly immunostained nuclei were included. The proliferation index was assessed in colonic mucosa from patients with no colonic disorders. Correlation between individual total proliferation indices determined by either method was significant with rs = 0.6 (p < 0.05). The mean proliferation index in the study group was 7.79% using BrdU and 7.64% using PCNA immunocytochemistry. Distribution of labelled cells within crypts was similar with respect to the two methods with a peak at the 18th and the 24th percentile in the case of BrdU and at the 23rd percentile for PCNA. Variance component analysis showed that at least two biopsy specimens should be evaluated per subject to allow a precise individual characterisation. It is concluded that PCNA (19A2) immunocytochemistry may be used as an operational marker of cell proliferation in normal colonic mucosa. A significant correlation and an agreement in the mean proliferation index between PCNA (19A2) and BrdU can only be achieved by a strictly standardised enumeration of labelled cells limited to strongly stained nuclei in the PCNA evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dietary practices in households as risk factors for stomach cancer: a familial study in Poland.

In the framework of a nationwide case-control study of risk factors for stomach cancer, a household survey was conducted on those food habits at the family level which were considered relevant for stomach cancer. The practices of 741 case and 741 control households were compared and relative risks calculated by the unconditional maximum likelihood method. For each household, the person responsible for cooking completed the survey. Respondents to the household survey were 35% of the cases and 40% of the controls of the case-control study and otherwise other household members. Case households relied more frequently on their own gardens as a major source of vegetables and fruit, and they cooked their vegetables more often than control households. The vegetable and fruit consumption during the summer period per family member was significantly less in case households compared to control households. The difference in per capita vegetable and fruit consumption between case and control households persisted, but was considerably less pronounced when the consumption of the index person (case or control) was subtracted from the household consumption. The consumption of mainly wholemeal bread showed a relative risk (RR) of 0.18 (95% CI 0.07-0.44) compared with mainly white bread consumption, whereas frequent frying and stewing of meat was associated with an increased risk compared to boiling of meat (RR = 2.06, 95% CI 1.48-2.87). No association with risk was found for long-term refrigerator use or other storage modalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Case-Control Studies↗