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Biomedical subjects

H Haines

Publications and source records attributed to H Haines.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Validating a framework for participatory ergonomics (the PEF).

Participatory ergonomics is reported in an increasing number of case studies, but there is little evidence of emerging supportive theory and relatively little generic advice or guidance. The paper describes an effort to provide clarity and organization to the field of participatory ergonomics. A framework has been developed to define a range of different participatory ergonomics initiatives, establishing a number of levels at which to operate. This participatory ergonomics framework (the PEF) was validated through retrospective description of seven independently conducted case studies and through peer evaluation. The exercise suggests that the PEF can be used as a first basis to produce practical guidance on participatory ergonomics programmes.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2001

Variation of codons 1961 and 2177 of the Stargardt disease gene is not associated with age-related macular degeneration.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of 2 specific alleles of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCA4) in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Secondary objectives were to investigate differences in frequency of the G1961E allele in selected ethnic groups as well as to examine the segregation of both G1961E and D2177N alleles in 5 multiplex families with AMD. METHODS: Five hundred forty-four patients with AMD and 689 controls were ascertained from 3 continents. Blood samples from 62 normal individuals of Somalian ancestry were also obtained. Participants were screened for the presence of these ABCA4 alleles with a combination of restriction digestion and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplification products. Detected alleles were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The number of subjects exhibiting the G1961E or D2177N variants were compared between AMD and control groups using a 2-tailed Fisher exact test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (P >.1) in the frequency of the G1961E and D2177N alleles in patients with AMD (2.2%) vs controls (1.0%). In contrast, there was a significant difference (P< .001) in the frequency of the G1961E alleles between normal individuals of Somali ancestry (11.3%) and normal individuals from other populations (0.4%). There was no evidence of cosegregation of these alleles and the AMD phenotype in the 5 multiplex families with AMD examined. These two ABCA4 alleles were slightly more frequent in patients with AMD with choroidal neovascularization (2.7%) than those without this complication (2.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Somali ancestry is more than 100 times more strongly associated with presence of the G1961E allele than the AMD phenotype. This study did not find any statistically significant evidence for involvement of the G1961E or D2177N alleles of the ABCA4 gene in AMD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ABCA4 gene is definitively involved in the pathogenesis of Stargardt disease and some cases of photoreceptor degeneration. However, it does not seem to be involved in a statistically significant fraction of AMD cases.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1998

Safety pictograms: are they getting the message across?

This study set out to investigate the role of pictograms in conveying consumer safety information. The experimental work was carried out in two parts. The first part investigated UK comprehension levels of 13 product related pictograms. A new method of judging levels of comprehension of the pictograms was developed. In general the pictograms surveyed were found to be poorly understood, particularly those which were abstract in nature. The second part of the research investigated the effect of different warning styles on noticeability and intended compliance. This was tested using the new European Standard pictogram developed to convey the small parts warning on toys. The effect on parents' intended purchase decisions of different pictograms and or text messages was investigated. Results indicated that parents' decisions on toy suitability were influenced by the perceived hazardousness of the product rather than warnings, regardless of their design. The paper discusses the advantages and limitations of pictograms as a method for conveying consumer information and makes recommendations for their effective use.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1994

Antiviral activity of a sulphated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata.

The antiviral activity of polysaccharide fractions obtained from water extracts of the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata was investigated. Fraction F6, corresponding to a sulphated xylomannan, was found to inhibit efficiently the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Furthermore, F6 selectively inhibited the replication of several other enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus type 2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B virus, Junin and Tacaribe virus and simian immunodeficiency virus. F6 was only weakly active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2. The mode of action of F6 against HSV-1 and HCMV could be ascribed to an inhibitory effect on virus adsorption.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1991

Glomerular filtration rate and plasma solutes in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Immune-complex glomerular nephritis (ICGN) is known to develop during malarial infections, but little is known of its impact on renal function. A total of 24 male BALB/c mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei, and measurements of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), parasitemia, and plasma solute concentrations were made on days 0, 7, 14, and 19 post-infection. Identical observations were made on 24 uninfected controls. The GFR declined progressively in infected mice from a mean of 201 +/- 2.1 (day 0) to 51 +/- 3 microliters/min (day 19), whereas parasitemia rose to 47% +/- 4.2% infected erythrocytes. In controls, the GFR remained unchanged, averaging 205 +/- 3.4 microliters/min. Plasma osmolality rose in infected mice (326 +/- 1 vs 310 +/- 0.6 mosmol/kg in controls) as a result of increased chloride (123 +/- 0.7 vs 117 +/- 0.6 mEq/l) and urea (17.8 +/- 2.8 vs 9.3 +/- 0.7 mM/l levels). The data reveal a substantial deterioration of renal function during the course of a malarial infection that is short of outright renal failure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Fluid compartmentation in skeletal muscle and carcass of Mus musculus acclimated to water scarcity.

1. Total water (TW), and extracellular water (ECW) (as sodium and chloride space) were determined in skeletal muscle and carcass of Mus musculus acclimated to long-term water shortage. 2. The presence of fat in control mice and those in early stages of acclimation resulted in an apparent increase in TW and ECW as acclimation proceeded. 3. In contrast, fluid volumes per fat-free weight were either unchanged from controls or reduced. 4. Sodium space exceeded chloride space. 5. Muscle and carcass had essentially the same pattern of fluid shifts. 6. We conclude that ECW maintenance is a preeminent component of the acclimation process in this species.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Blocked herpes simplex virus type 2-specific DNA synthesis in simian virus 40-transformed hamster cells permissive for herpes simplex virus type 1.

Simian virus 40-transformed hamster cells (LL-1) permissive to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were shown to be relatively nonpermissive to HSV-2. When LL-1 cells were infected with HSV-2, there was a 3- to 4-log reduction in infectious viral progeny at 24 h postinfection as compared with HSV-1 under identical cultured conditions. HSV-2 could be carried in the LL-1 cell line for up to 12 passages without any appreciable cytopathology. Various early functions of the replicative cycle of HSV-2 appeared to be normal. Experiments demonstrated that early enzyme activity, HSV-2 thymidine kinase, and DNA polymerase appeared at permissive levels in extracts of HSV-2-infected LL-1 cells. However, DNA analysis of HSV-2 infected LL-1 cells demonstrated a block in HSV-2-specific DNA synthesis, although HSV-2 was capable of inhibiting DNA synthesis in LL-1 cells. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence studies indicate that late HSV-2 structural protein synthesis was inhibited in infected LL-1 cells. Thus, the inability of HSV-2 to replicate in LL-1 cells is due to a block at or before HSV-specific DNA synthesis, resulting in a reduction of the structural protein synthesis required for viral maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Characterization of a reptilian epithelioid skin cell line derived from the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas.

A continuous line of epithelioid cells was established from explant skin tissues of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas. These cells, designated GTS, have been subcultured more than 60 times in commercially available mammalian cell culture medium supplemented with 5% bovine calf serum. Of those temperatures tested, optimal growth was achieved at 30 degrees C although replication occurred between 16 and 37 degrees C. These cells may be held as monolayers at 8 degrees C or stored frozen in growth medium containing 10% dimethyl-sulfoxide at -70 or -196 degrees C. The modal number of 55 chromosomes per cell is in agreement with the heterogametic female diploid number of this species. The GTS line represents the first established culture of normal epithelioid skin cells to be reported for a poikilothermic species.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Part 2: Histopathology and etiology.

The acute retinal necrosis syndrome is manifested by diffuse uveitis, vitritis, retinal vasculitis, and acute necrotizing retinitis (see Part 1). We studied the histopathology and electron microscopic findings of an eye enucleated from a 67-year-old man with typical acute retinal necrosis. Histology showed profound acute necrosis of the retina, retinal arteritis, and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in retinal cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated a herpes group virus in all layers of affected retina. The implications of these findings for antiviral and other treatments are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Demonstration of interference between dengue virus types in cultured mosquito cells using monoclonal antibody probes.

Cultured Aedes albopictus cells (clone C6/36), persistently infected (PI) with dengue virus type 1 (dengue-1) were found resistant to superinfection with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). This was determined by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining of cultures using monoclonal antibody against a dengue-3 type-specific antigen. Dengue-1 PI cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i of 2) had dengue-3 antigen in 0.1 to 1.0% of the cells. Control cultures infected with dengue-3 at the same multiplicity contained dengue-3 antigen in greater than 90% of the cells. The resistance to superinfection was not interferon-mediated, and occurred within 20 h after primary infection. In cultures simultaneously infected with two dengue virus types, one virus type was excluded from replication in most cells. A small population of cells was also found (about 1%) that contained type-specific antigen of both dengue virus types.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1982

Kaposi's sarcoma: absence of cytomegalovirus antigens.

Using an immunohistochemical method, we could not detect cytomegalovirus antigens in the tissue of Kaposi's sarcoma but could in the cells of control sections from tissues known to be infected by that virus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that high antibody titers to cytomegalovirus found in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma are not due to infection of neoplastic cells by the virus, as a secondary event; our data supports the conclusions of others that exposure to cytomegalovirus may be a primary event in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1981

Sodium metabolism during acclimation to water restriction by wild mice, Mus musculus.

Changes in sodium and potassium balance and urinary aldosterone excretion (free plus "acid labile") were surveyed in house mice acclimating initially to 1/2 the ad libitum water ration and later to 1/4 of ad libitum. Each water restriction caused negative sodium and potassium balance, followed by conservation of both ions. At the first water restriction, negative balance was produced by natriuresis and kaliuresis, at successive water restriction, a negative balance was due to a decrease in food consumption. Aldosterone excretion doubled at the 1/2 ad libitum restriction, and then generally remained at control levels thereafter. Fractional intestinal absorption of both ions showed a persistent increase after the 3rd day of water restriction. The Na:K ratio in urine and feces declined as mice responded to each water restriction and returned to control levels in acclimated animals.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1979

Ineffectiveness of topical adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis.

The ability of topical 10 per cent adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate to decrease the severity and frequency of recurrent herpes simplex labialis was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study of 233 patients at three collaborating institutions. Nine clinical and four virologic measurements were used to evaluate drug efficacy during a single episode. No statistically significant improvement in any measurement was seen in the drug-treated patients. Analyses according to institution and age, stage and size of lesion before therapy also indicated no benefit attributable to the drug. There was no effect of the drug on the rate of recurrence of herpes simplex labialis. We conclude that, despite activity against herpes simplex virus infection in tissue culture and in some laboratory animal models, topical use of the drug is ineffective against recurrent herpes simplex labialis. This may be due to failure of the drug to penetrate the skin.

Arabinonucleotides↗