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Biomedical subjects

J Barnouin

Publications and source records attributed to J Barnouin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Risk factors for stillbirth in Holstein heifers under field conditions in France: a prospective survey.

Risk factors for stillbirth, defined as birth of a dead calf or a calf dead within 24 h after parturition, were studied in Holstein heifers. Data came from an overall 4-yr prospective survey conducted in French dairy herds. Only heifers that delivered a single calf were included in the study. The stillbirth incidence was 6.9%. The predictive indicators of stillbirth risk were: gestation length, prepartum body condition and dirtiness scores, biochemical and hematological blood parameters measured during the last 2 mo of gestation, and calving conditions. Multiple logistic regressions were run using herd, calving year, calving season, blood sampling-to-parturition interval, and body scoring-to-parturition interval as the fixed effects. The results, expressed as the ratio of the odds of disease occurrence in the exposed and non-exposed subgroups (OR), indicated that dystocia and a body condition score (BCS) higher than 4 before calving were significant risk factors for stillbirth (OR=14.6, P<0.0001 and OR=2.98, P<0.05, respectively). Prepartum circulating neutrophil counts higher than 1950/mm3 (OR=0.50, P<0.05) were associated with a lower risk of stillbirth. A higher occurrence of placental retention, lower fertility and a lower 305-d milk yield were significant consequences of stillbirth.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Biological predictors for early clinical mastitis occurrence in Holstein cows under field conditions in France.

Individual risk factors for clinical mastitis within the first month of lactation (early clinical mastitis, ECM) were analyzed in 695 Holstein multiparous cows (561 ECM- and 134 ECM+) which were clinical mastitis-free during the previous lactation. They belonged to 44 herds from the French Brittany region and were surveyed for 4 years. Individual biological parameter levels during the last 2 months of gestation, production of the preceding lactation and calving conditions and health were the available explanatory variables. The construction and explanation model used multiple logistic regression run with herd as a fixed effect. High precalving plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase (p < 0.01) and low glutamate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05) activities, high 305-day previous-lactation milk yield (p < 0.001) and milk protein content at the last milk-test day before drying-off (p < 0.01) were the significant risk factors for ECM occurrence. Intensive production and unsatisfactory dietary conditions (energy and antioxidants) would increase ECM risk in the dairy cow. Further studies should be conducted to determine if metabolic and/or genetic factors could explain the relationship between ceruloplasmin and subsequent ECM occurrence.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Predictive markers in the late gestation period for retained placenta in black-pied dairy cows under field conditions in France.

A prospective ecopathogical survey was conducted in French commercial dairy herds located in Brittany. Previous production and reproduction data and blood parameters were used to identify predictive indicators of risk for retained placenta (RP) in Black-Pied cows. All the cows had delivered a single calf after a dry period of at least 30 d and had produced milk for at least 30 d. The cows with and without retained placenta were allocated to groups according to herd and interval between antepartum blood sampling and calving. Two groups of cows with (RP-positive group, n = 45) and without (RP-negative group, n = 184) retained placenta were compared. Univariate analysis indicated lower plasma glucose concentration, lower monocyte count and higher red blood cell count in the RP-positive group. A multiple logistic regression was run, with herd and blood sampling to calving interval as the fixed effects. It showed that a high red cell count and a low monocyte count were predictive indicators for retained placenta risk, which was found to be lower at third calving. Relationships of circulating indicators with placental retention etiology are discussed in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance, its consequences on monocyte and erythrocyte functions, uterine motility and circulatory disturbances.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

[Descriptive epidemiology of placental retention in intensive dairy herds in Brittany].

The influences of several risk factors (temporal, mechanical, zootechnical and nutritional) on the incidence of placental retention (PR) were tested. The study was conducted in Brittany on 5,240 calvings of Black-Pied females belonging to 47 herds surveyed over a period of four consecutive years. For twin births, the PR-incidence levels were only decreased in the case of calves born alive. Single calvings were associated with PR after more than three artificial inseminations, or when stillbirths, dystocia or shortened gestational periods were observed, but the frequency varied in relation to calving rank. Increased total amounts of concentrate and cake supplied at the end of the gestational period decreased the incidence of PR in heifers. Shorter dry periods and high levels of milk production increased the risk of PR in multiparous cows. The frequency at which PR was observed in both cows and heifers was lower in autumn. Milk production and fertility were decreased in animals having experienced PR. In addition, they were subject to more uterine disorders than other cows during the subsequent lactation, whatever number of calves had been carried. Milk fever in the third lactation and metabolic diseases in the fourth were more frequently observed following PR.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1994

Correlation between esterase electrophoretic polymorphism and virulence-associated traits in extra-intestinal invasive strains of Escherichia coli.

The electrophoretic variations of carboxylesterase B and of esterases A, C and I, the presence of mannose resistant haemagglutinin, alpha-haemolysin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) and certain O antigens were compared in 150 strains of Escherichia coli responsible for extra-intestinal infections. Electrophoretic mobilities of outer membrane proteins (OMP) were also studied for strains belonging to O4, O6, O7, O8 and O75 serogroups. Fast migrating allozymes of carboxylesterase B (pattern B1) were correlated with slow migrating allozymes of esterase C, serogroups O7 and O8, lack of virulence factor, and particular OMP patterns, whereas slow migrating allozymes of carboxylesterase B (pattern B2) were correlated with fast migrating allozymes of esterase C, serogroups O2, O4, O6, O18 and O75, virulence factor production, and distinct OMP patterns. Allozymes of esterases A and I were not clearly correlated with the distribution of virulence factors. The pattern B2 was more strongly associated with CNF1 than with alpha-haemolysin and mannose resistant haemagglutinin. These results substantiate the view that the electrophoretic pattern B2 of carboxylesterase B identified most of the highly pathogenic strains implicated in extra-intestinal infection of humans.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1994

[How does one detect biological imbalance and health disorders in the dairy cow within the framework of ecopathological research?].

The methods of detection of health and biological imbalances in the dairy cow, which can be performed in ecopathological studies, are presented. Mastitis, metritis, liver disorders, nutritional imbalances, reproductive disorders, stress, specific diseases and non-specific inflammations are reviewed. The possible future evolutions are analyzed.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

[The ecopathologic approach to the study of the relationship between nutrition and health in the dairy cow].

An ecopathological approach for examining nutrition-induced health disorders in dairy herds in France is described. Bovine dairy herds were surveyed for 4 yr to detect nutritional risk factors that discriminated between high and low disease incidence rates for retained placenta, milk fever, calf perimortality, metritis, liver disorders and infertility. In the cow, preventive feeding helps avoid nitrogen overnutrition, and reduces the requirements of Ca in the late gestation period, gives a satisfactory balance in polyunsaturated fatty acids before calving. The absence of feedstuffs including toxic components and a feeding system with few feedstuffs and few diet changes are also beneficial factors.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Farming practices associated with the 'udder infection' complex.

A total of 4,129 dairy cows from 47 dairy farms were submitted each year after calving to a milk sampling for bacteriological examination. Six criteria defined the udder infection complex: frequency of minor, major and rare pathogens; rate of clinical and subclinical mastitis; and index of gravity of mastitis. Forty-seven variables described practices and their associations with the type of farms (defined by the above 6 criteria) were studied. The associated variables were dipping practices, covering of the milking parlour, disinfection practices, housing cleanliness and milk production.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1994

[Nutritional factors and mammary inflammatory infection in the dairy cow. Ecopathological approach during the peripartum period].

The relationships between nutrition and udder inflammation/infection were studied in the dairy cow using an ecopathological approach. The study ('enquête écopathologique Bretagne') was performed over 4 yr in French herds with high-lactating cows. A long distribution time of Italian ryegrass silage and a low quantity of dietary cereal-based concentrates in the first 2 months of lactation was linked with low milk leukocyte counts, probably due to a high dietary energetic level or to a polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance and a subsequent decrease in the synthesis of leukotriene LTB4. In the late gestation period, a long distribution time of fresh English rye-grass, which induced high uraemia and a larger distribution of vitamins A, D and E, was related to lower frequencies of major pathogens in the milk.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

[Ecopathological approach to nutritional, metabolic and health factors linked to the protein and butyrate level in milk during the peripartum phase of the dairy cow].

An ecopathological analysis of milk protein and fat contents in high lactating herds is described. In herds with a high milk protein content, cows had shorter dry periods and more cereal-based concentrates and fresh English rye-grass in the dry diet. In the early lactation period, these cows had a higher risk for milk fever, their body score was less decreased, and the duration of feeding with Italian rye-grass silage was lower. In herds with a high milk fat content, the cows had shorter dry periods, lower plasma magnesium levels, more dietary vitamins A,D and E before calving, a decreased risk for metritis, and calved less frequently in summer.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Worm population characteristics and pathological changes in lambs after a single or trickle infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta.

The regulation of the worm population and of its pathological effects was studied after a single or trickle infection with T. circumcincta. One hundred and twenty lambs, 60 Romanov and 60 Mérinos d'Arles, 3 months old, were distributed in four balanced groups: non-infected (G0), infected with 7000 L3 per animal once and slaughtered after 4 weeks (G14) or 8 weeks (G18), and infected 8 times and slaughtered after 8 weeks (G88). Parasitological, histological, haematological parameters and weight gains were recorded on each animal. Female and artificially nursed lambs had lower worm burdens and egg counts (epg) than males and naturally suckled lambs. No difference in parasitological parameters was seen between the two breeds, but Mérinos lambs infected once, had a higher increase in pepsinogen concentrations than Romanov lambs. In the infected animals, a significant proliferation of mast and eosinophil cells was observed in the abomasum wall. Serum pepsinogen concentrations were significantly higher 3 weeks p.i. and the weight gain was depressed during the first month p.i. The worm population was more numerous and younger in group G14 compared with G18 in which 24% of the worms had been expelled during the second month p.i. The female worms in G18 were longer and had more eggs in utero and higher egg output. After the trickle infection (G88) the take was reduced, female worms were longer with more eggs in vagina (pars ejectrix) and there was a higher variability in the number of eggs (compared with G18 data). The pepsinogen rise was smaller but no specific effect was seen on histological and haematological parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Automated micro-determination by transfer analyzer of circulating alpha-amino nitrogen].

An automated method for the determination of plasma free amino groups is described. The analysis is performed on a discrete computerized analyzer after plasma deproteinization using trichloracetic acid. The method is based on the formation of a complex between terminal NH2 radicals and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS). The method is accurate (coefficient of variation = 2%), linear over a range of 0.2-7 mM/l and requires small analytic volumes; it also correlates well in the bovine with results from standard liquid chromatography (r = 0.953). With this method a single operator can determine free amino group contents of 50 samples per h.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

The effect of inhibition of prostaglandin F2 alpha synthesis on placental expulsion in the ewe.

Five ewes were injected with two doses of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAI), lysine acetyl salicylate, at birth of their first lamb and one hour later, and five others were injected once only, at birth of their first lamb. A control group of six animals was constituted. The times needed for fetal expulsion and placental release were recorded. The peripheral plasma PgF2 alpha (as PGFM) levels were measured prepartum during the seven last days of gestation, at parturition, then 1 h, 2 h and 12 h after lambing. The results were compared among and within treatment groups. They indicate that the physiological increase in peripheral PGFM levels starts two days before lambing and that the level peaks at lambing. The normal decrease after parturition is emphasized by NSAI injections as detected 1 h and 2 h posttreatment (p < 0.01). The NSAI drug is short-acting as revealed by the lower PGFM levels in twice-treated animals 2 h after birth compared to once treated animals and the similar low levels in all three groups 12 h after birth. The fetal membranes were expelled normally in all treated and nontreated animals, but the time needed for placental expulsion in ewes injected with two doses of NSAI was longer than in controls (p < 0.05). A negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found between plasma PGFM levels measured two hours after lambing and the time needed for fetal membrane expulsion. PgF2 alpha appears to have a role in placental release in the ewe.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

An aetiological hypothesis for the nutrition-induced association between retained placenta and milk fever in the dairy cow.

In the dairy cow, a statistical association between milk fever (MF) and placental retention (PR) has been observed in epidemiological studies. In order to prevent both diseases, an understanding of their common aetiological mechanism is necessary. In this paper, a new causal hypothesis concerning the nutrition-induced association between PR and MF has been put forward. This hypothesis integrates the aetiological concepts arising from the studies carried out by the authors of this paper, and those reviewed from the literature. The aetiological pathway leading to associated MF and PR in the dairy cow appears to include 3 main interrelated mechanisms: 1), decreased synthesis of cyclooxygenase products (mainly PgF2 alpha) via precalving linolenic acid-rich diets; 2), lack of calcium availability at calving via calcium-rich diets before calving; 3), intensive lipomobilization around calving due to a lack of energy supply. The risk for both MF and PR appears to be maximum with old cows fed diets rich in green fodder (fresh or ensiled) and in calcium, and poor in cereals in the prepartum period.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

Factors and markers of virulence in Escherichia coli from human septicemia.

One hundred Escherichia coli isolates from human septicemia were characterized with respect to O serogroups 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 15, 18, 75 and 78, alpha-hemolysin, carboxylesterase B typing, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, F165 and CS31A fimbrial antigens, aerobactin production, colicins, and antibiotic sensitivity. A factorial analysis of correspondence and chi 2 tests indicated that most of E. coli isolates belonging to the studied O serogroups were positive for the virulence factors or markers alpha-haemolysin, carboxylesterase B2 type, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, F165 fimbrial antigen and were antibiotic-sensitive (Group I). These characteristics differentiated them from E. coli isolates from other O serogroups which were generally antibiotic resistant and negative for the cited virulence factors and markers (Group II). Aerobactin and colicin production did not differentiate the two E. coli groups. E. coli O serogroups 4 and 6 were highly represented in group I and were responsible for most of the differences between the two groups.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Experimental equine fascioliasis: evolution of serologic, enzymatic and parasitic parameters].

Three, four, and one horses were respectively infected with 100, 1,000, and 5,000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Six of them were reinfected 38 weeks later with 1,000 metacercariae each. Specific antibodies assayed by counter-electrophoresis, passive hemagglutination and ELISA tests appeared three to six weeks post-infection and peaked 10 to 17 weeks post-infection. Horses infected by 1,000 metacercariae and more showed 17.6% of positive samples by counter-electrophoresis, 49.2% by ELISA, and 75.6% by passive hemagglutination. Plasma glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels increased significantly 3 to 5 months post-infection in the most infected animals. Eggs of Fasciola hepatica were only observed in 2 of the 8 horses, 14 and 15 weeks post-infection. This last observation indicates the limits of fecal examination in the diagnosis of fascioliasis in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Morbidity registries of animal diseases: development, examples, trends].

The earliest registries of animal morbidity were established at the end of the nineteenth century and concerned contagious diseases. In the 1970s, the development of modern managerial methods on stock farms implied more systematized collection of statistics on clinical disorders. Since breeders are the principal observers of diseases, and because such sources of information as hospitals do not exist for animals, morbidity analysis must be based on surveys especially constructed and relying upon the participation of volunteers. We have cited here the example of ecopathological surveys based on volunteer stock farms and conducted in France at the level of cattle herds. The future of animal pathology registries should be based upon procedures using randomly selected samples, as in the system recently established in France by the Agronomic Research and Statistical Services of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Animal Diseases↗