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Biomedical subjects

J C Borod

Publications and source records attributed to J C Borod.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Visuospatial orientation in Parkinson's disease.

Visuospatial functioning in patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated using neuropsychological measures of basic visual perception, complex perceptual discrimination, and spatial orientation. Three subgroups of patients were described: (a) those with broadly impaired visuospatial abilities, (b) those with generally intact abilities, and (c) those whose performance on a task of spatial orientation was lower than their performance on a task of complex perceptual discrimination. These subgroup differences were also concordant with three other variables: age, duration of disease, and degree of dementia. It is suggested that decreases in spatial orientation functioning in Parkinson's disease may reflect the speed of progression of this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A preliminary comparison of flat affect schizophrenics and brain-damaged patients on measures of affective processing.

Flat affect is a major component of schizophrenia and is often also seen in neurological disorders. A preliminary set of comparisons were conducted to delineate neuropsychological mechanisms underlying flat affect in schizophrenia, and new measures are described for the assessment of affective deficits in clinical populations. Subjects were schizophrenic with flat affect (SZs), right brain-damaged (RBD), Parkinson's Disease (PDs), and normal control (NC) right-handed adults. Subjects were administered affective measures of expression and perception in both facial and vocal channels. For both perceptual and expressive tasks the SZs performed significantly less accurately than the NCs and the PDs but did not differ from the RBDs. This was the case for both face and voice. This finding lends support to the speculation that right hemisphere mechanisms, especially cortical ones, may be compromised among schizophrenics with flat affect.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The relationship between limb apraxia and the spontaneous use of communicative gesture in aphasia.

This study investigated the relationship between limb apraxia, as assessed by a formal clinical test, and the production of spontaneous communicative gesture, as measured by a newly designed rating scale--the Nonvocal Communication Scale (NCS). Subjects were aphasic adult males with cerebrovascular lesions of the left hemisphere. The performance of aphasic patients on the praxis test and the NCS was independent of demographic, neuroanatomic, linguistic, or cognitive variables, except for global aphasics who were low-scoring across the board. There was a significant positive correlation, however, between praxis ability and spontaneous gestural communication. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Anomia↗
PubMed1989

Neuropsychological factors associated with perceptual biases for emotional chimeric faces.

Mechanisms underlying hemispace biases for free-field judgments of emotional intensity in chimeric faces were explored. The Levy et al. chimeric faces task (1983b) was examined in relationship to relevant neuropsychological measures (emotional, imaginal, ocular). Forty-four normal adults were administered a test battery including measures of chimeric face perception, lateral eye movements to nonemotional and emotional instructions, image generation, and ocular dominance ("eyedness"). Overall, subjects showed a significant left-sided bias for judging chimeric faces and for producing lateral eye movements to emotional instructions. Asymmetries for chimeric face perception were significantly correlated with asymmetries for the location of self-generated images in space. When task modalities were examined, there was a specific relationship between chimeric face perception and tactile processing on the other neuropsychological measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Facial asymmetry while posing positive and negative emotions: support for the right hemisphere hypothesis.

The purpose of this report was to examine facial asymmetry during the expression of positive and negative emotions. In addition, methodological factors in the study of facial asymmetry were considered. Subjects were 16 neurologically-healthy right-handed adult males, videotaped while posing eight facial expressions (positive and negative) under two conditions (verbal command and visual imitation). Separate asymmetry ratings of the two sides of the face were made by judges viewing normal or mirror-reversed versions of the videotape. There were no effects of valence, condition, or videotape orientation on the asymmetry ratings, and, in general, expressions were produced significantly more intensely on the left than the right side of the face. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for the expression of facial emotion of both valences.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1988

The effects of emotion and ocular dominance on lateral eye movement.

Lateral eye movements (LEMs) in response to emotional and nonemotional instructions were examined. For the emotional task, a new procedure is utilized which requires subjects to generate emotional images of positive and negative valence in auditory, visual and tactile modalities. Forty-four normal adult males and females (22 right-handers, 22 left-handers) participated in the experiment. Overall, subjects looked significantly more to the left than to the right in response to emotional instructions, suggesting greater right hemisphere involvement in the generation of emotional images. The same subjects showed no directional bias in response to nonemotional instructions. Although gender, handedness and familial sinistrality did not mediate the direction of eye movements, ocular dominance had an effect. For left-handed subjects, the direction of eye movements to nonemotional instructions was consistent with eyedness, e.g., right-eyed subjects produced right-sided LEMs, and left-eyed subjects produced left-sided LEMs.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Emotional and non-emotional facial behaviour in patients with unilateral brain damage.

Aspects of emotional facial expression (responsivity, appropriateness, intensity) were examined in brain-damaged adults with right or left hemisphere cerebrovascular lesions and in normal controls. Subjects were videotaped during experimental procedures designed to elicit emotional facial expression and non-emotional facial movement (paralysis, mobility, praxis). On tasks of emotional facial expression, patients with right hemisphere pathology were less responsive and less appropriate than patients with left hemisphere pathology or normal controls. These results corroborate other research findings that the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for the expression of facial emotion. Both brain-damaged groups had substantial facial paralysis and impairment in muscular mobility on the hemiface contralateral to site of lesion, and the left brain-damaged group had bucco-facial apraxia. Performance measures of emotional expression and non-emotional movement were uncorrelated, suggesting a dissociation between these two systems of facial behaviour.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1988

Posed facial emotional expression in brain-damaged patients.

Posed emotional facial expression was examined in brain-damaged adults with right (RBD) or left (LBD) hemisphere cerebrovascular lesions and in matched normal controls (NC). Subjects were videotaped while posing eight facial expressions (positive and negative) under two elicitation conditions (verbal command and visual imitation). Expressions were rated by four naïve judges for intensity, category accuracy, and valence accuracy. RBDs were significantly more impaired than LBDs or NCs on category and valence accuracy, while LBDs posed expressions with significantly more intensity than RBDs or NCs. These findings held for positive emotions only. The results for category accuracy replicate an earlier report (Borod et al., 1986) which utilized a different rating procedure. Finally, expressions posed to visual imitation were rated as more intense and more accurate than those posed to verbal command.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1987

Effect of emotional context on bucco-facial apraxia.

Patients with left- and right-hemisphere cerebrovascular pathology and normal adult controls were videotaped while executing tasks of bucco-facial praxis in emotional and nonemotional conditions. Each practic movement was assessed for accuracy and motor execution. Left-brain-damaged patients were significantly impaired on these tasks relative to right-damaged patients and controls. When emotional context was provided, apractic performance improved significantly.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1987

Munchausen's syndrome: a reconceptualization of the disorder.

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III) delineates three categories of factitious disorders: chronic with physical symptoms (Munchausen's syndrome); factitious disorder with psychological symptoms; and other factitious disorders with physical symptoms. Munchausen's syndrome served as the prototype for all factitious disorders at the time DSM-III was drafted, partly due to the disproportionate attention given to this variant of the disorder. Clinical experience suggests that existing categories do not adequately provide for commonly seen forms of factitious illness. It is now recognized that factitious disorder is the result of a complex interaction of personality factors and psychosocial stressors that often present with both medical and psychiatric symptomatology. Proposed changes in the revised edition of the diagnostic manual DSM-III-R include separate categories of factitious disorder with psychological, physical, and both psychological and physical symptoms. A case report of a patient for whom extensive records and thorough psychological assessment were available is exemplary of a more common course of the disorder (both psychological and physical symptoms) that by current classification would be considered "atypical." A reconceptualization of the disorder that gives emphasis to course and clinical features is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The expression and perception of facial emotion in brain-damaged patients.

This study examined the expression and perception of facial emotion in patients with unilateral cerebrovascular pathology. Subjects were 12 right brain-damaged (RBD), 15 left brain-damaged (LBD) aphasic, and 16 normal control (NC) right-handed males. Expressions were elicited during posed and spontaneous conditions. Both positive and negative emotions were studied. RBDs were significantly impaired, relative to LBDs and NCs, in expressing and perceiving facial emotion. There were no group differences as a function of condition, but there were differences as a function of emotional valence. Qualitative performance differences also were observed. There was no evidence that the ability to produce a particular emotion was related to the ability to identify the same emotion. Overall, these findings support the notion that the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for expressing and perceiving facial emotion.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Aphasia in left-handers: lesion site, lesion side, and hemispheric asymmetries on CT.

Language in left-handed aphasics with left (n = 27) or right (n = 4) hemisphere lesion was examined. Left occipital CT asymmetry was the most common asymmetry and could not be used to predict handedness or which hemisphere, if damaged, would produce aphasia. When left hemisphere lesion sites were matched between eight left-handed and eight right-handed aphasics, there were no significant group differences on language measures. Two nonfluent cases with good comprehension and large right frontal, parietal, and temporal lesions appeared to have "Broca's area" in the right hemisphere, but "Wernicke's area" in the left. Results suggest separate hemispheric loci for handedness, speech output, and/or comprehension dominance in some left-handers.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1985

Channels of emotional expression in patients with unilateral brain damage.

The contribution of facial, intonational, and speech channels to spontaneous emotional expression was examined in right brain-damaged (RBD), left brain-damaged (LBD), and normal control (NC) subjects. Subjects were videotaped while viewing and responding to a series of emotionally laden slides; the videotapes were then rated for the three channels of communication. Overall, RBDs used facial expression and intonation less frequently than the other two groups. When the speech output channel was analyzed, oral expression of feelings in the RBDs, relative to the LBDs and NCs, was less appropriate, more propositional than prosodic, and more descriptive than affective. When the ratings for the three channels of communication were examined, facial expression and intonation were significantly correlated for all subjects.

Affect↗
PubMed1985

Left-handed and right-handed aphasics with left hemisphere lesions compared on nonverbal performance measures.

This study examined the performance of 21 left-handed (LH) and 57 right-handed (RH) aphasics with unilateral left hemisphere lesions on standardized measures of nonverbal ability, derived from the WAIS Performance Scale (Wechsler, 1958) and the Parietal Lobe Battery (Goodglass and Kaplan, 1972). The handedness groups were initially compared on a number of demographic, neurological, diagnostic, and language variables and found to be equivalent. When compared on measures of nonverbal ability, LHs were significantly more impaired than RHs particularly on tasks involving visuo-spatial organization and construction. This finding suggests that LH aphasics may have more left hemisphere representation than RH aphasics on some tasks for which the right hemisphere is typically dominant. Finally, this study provides some data to address the issue regarding the percentage of LHs relative to RHs who become aphasic from unilateral lesions. Out of 323 aphasics who were seen at the Aphasia Unit over a ten-year period, 43 (13%) were left-handed. Twenty-four percent of LHs, but only one percent of RHs, were aphasic due to lesions of the right hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

New psychopathologic findings in AIDS: case report.

A 33-year-old male homosexual AIDS patient was initially admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment of a manic episode. Over a 2-month hospitalization, the patient developed progressively severe memory and cognitive impairments which were documented by neuropsychologic testing and were consistent with abnormal EEG and CT scan findings. This case illustrates that major psychiatric symptoms can be profoundly involved early in the natural course of AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Aphasic performance on a battery of constructional, visuo-spatial, and quantitative tasks: factorial structure and CT scan localization.

This study examined the performance of aphasics on those functions associated with the parietal lobe of the left hemisphere. Data from the Parietal Lobe Battery (PLB) (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972) were analyzed in 163 right-handed male aphasics with unilateral left-hemisphere lesions. Factor analysis on the 18 subtests of the PLB yielded a substantial general factor before rotation and four meaningful factors following rotation, involving construction, visual schemata, verbal components of the Gerstmann Syndrome, and visual finger recognition. Diverse aphasia subtypes were relatively homogeneous in their performance on the PLB. Upon examination of the influence of linguistic, demographic, and neurological factors, writing and auditory comprehension were found to make significant contributions to overall PLB performance. When considering lesion localization, as verified by CT scans in 36% of our sample, a lesion involving both parietal and frontal structures was the strongest predictor of impairment on the PLB.

Agnosia↗