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Biomedical subjects

J C Borod

Publications and source records attributed to J C Borod.

72 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Left-handers and right-handers compared on performance and preference measures of lateral dominance.

Ninety-three right-handed and 53 left-handed adults were compared on a range of performance and preference measures of handedness and footedness. Performance measures included tests of accuracy, speed, and strength. Non-parametric statistical procedures were used to determine whether left-handers (LHs) were less lateralized than right-handers (RHs), and whether distributions for LHs were the mirror images of those for RHs. On performance measures, the distributions for LHs and RHs were generally normal and similar in central tendency, shape, and range. However, on preference measures, distributions were J-shaped, and LHs were significantly less lateralized and more widely dispersed than RHs. Correlations among performance measures were generally low for all subjects. Sex and familial left-handedness did not significantly moderate the responses of these right- and left-handers on performance or preference measures of lateral dominance.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The Target Test: a brief laterality measure of speed and accuracy.

This paper describes a performance measure of lateral dominance, the Target Tests, which provides separate assessments of manual speed and accuracy within a relatively simple paper-and-pencil format. The Target Tests were administered to 111 normal adults, and scores were examined with respect to handedness, familial left-handedness, and sex. The tests significantly differentiated between right- and left-handers. Target scores were substantially correlated with the Harris Tests of Lateral Dominance, suggesting adequate reliability and validity. The means, standard deviations, and ranges for the preferred and nonpreferred hands for both handedness groups were nearly identical. The Target Tests provide a convenient instrument for assessing motoric lateralization of speed and accuracy in clinical and research settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A left hemispace bias for visualizing emotional situations.

Forty-three college-aged subjects posed a series of emotional facial expressions and described their strategies for creating such expressions. The majority of subjects (86%) reported visualizing an image or situation. When asked for the location of the image, the majority (62%) indicated the left hemispace, and only 5% indicated the right.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Facial asymmetry in posed and spontaneous expressions of emotion.

Patterns of facial asymmetry (i.e., extent of movement) as a function of elicitation condition, emotional valence, and sex of subjects are examined. Thirty-seven right-handed adult males and females were videotaped making positive and negative expressions of emotion under posed (verbal, visual) and spontaneous conditions. There were no differences in facial asymmetry as a function of condition. Overall, expressions were significantly left-sided, a finding implicating the right hemisphere. When sex and valence were considered, negative expressions were left-sided for all subjects, while positive expressions were left-sided for males only. Further, positive expressions were significantly less lateralized than negative ones for females. Measures of hemiface mobility and ocular dominance did not mediate these patterns of facial lateralization.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Hemiface mobility and facial expression asymmetry.

Thirty-seven right-handed college-aged males and females were assessed for facial asymmetry during emotional expression and for nonemotional hemiface mobility. Objective, subjective, and undirected measures of facial mobility were obtained, separately for the upper and lower face. While judges rated mobility of the lower face as left-sided, subjects declared themselves to be as facile on the right as on the left side of the face. When asked to move a side of the lower face, subjects moved the right side more frequently than the left. For the upper face, none of the measures of mobility were significantly left- or right-sided. Facial expression asymmetries (which were observed to be left-sided) were not significantly related to any measures of hemiface mobility.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Asymmetries in body part size, mobility, and usage. Relationship between structure and function.

Asymmetries in structure (size) and function (usage or mobility) for the upper and lower face, hands, and feet were investigated in 42 left- and right-handed male and female college students. Size measurements were taken from photographs, mobility was rated from videotapes, and usage was assessed by questionnaire. Size asymmetries were typical, and independent of handedness, but were not consistent across body parts; usage asymmetries varied as a function of handedness. No systematic relationships were found between structure and function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Is there a bias in size measurements taken from mirror-reversed photographs of body parts?

This study compared measurements of hands, feet, and hemifaces taken from original and mirror-reversed photographs to determine whether a hemispace-bias exists in size measurements. Posers were adult right- and left-handers (50% female). In 80% of the measurement comparisons (total N = 84), there was complete agreement; there were no instances of right-left reversals among the discrepant comparisons. The side of the body measured as larger was independent of the side of space in which it appeared. The lack of such bias in physical measurements is discrepant with data suggesting a left-hemispace preference in psychological judgments of visual material.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

WAIS performance IQ in aphasia as a function of auditory comprehension and constructional apraxia.

This study investigated differences in nonverbal intelligence between diagnostic subgroups of aphasics using the Performance Tests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Subjects were 98 right-handed hospitalized males with unilateral left-hemisphere damage who had unambiguous clinical diagnoses of Broca's, Anomic, Conduction, Mixed Non-Fluent, Wernicke's, or Global aphasia. Group differences were examined using the WAIS Performance IQ (PIQ), and subscores for spatial organization (Block Design and Object Assembly) and for verbalizability (Picture Completion and Picture Arrangement). There were significant group differences for each WAIS score, determined by the impaired performance of the Global aphasics. With covariance correction for level of auditory comprehension, group differences were eliminated on the verbalizable subtests, but not on the spatial organization subtests. Covarying for level of constructional apraxia (assessed with drawings, sticks, and blocks), however, eliminated group differences for both subscores. Using demographic, neurological, and linguistic variables, multiple regression analyses confirmed the covariate analysis findings; constructional apraxia was the most predictive variable for both spatial and verbalizability subscores, while auditory comprehension and education level predicted performance on the verbalizable subtests.

Anomia↗
PubMed1981

Asymmetry of facial expression related to handedness, footedness, and eyedness: a quantitative study.

This study investigates the relationship between traditional measures of lateral dominance and facial asymmetry or facedness, i.e., the relative intensity of expression "and muscular involvement" on the two sides of the face. Subjects were 19 left-handed and 29 right-handed normal adults coached to produce eight facial expressions of emotion and one expression involving unilateral facial movement. Videotapes of each subject were reliably rated for facedness. A lateral dominance battery yielded preference scores for hand, foot, and eye, and performance scores for accuracy, speed, and strength. Facedness and lateral dominance scores were intercorrelated. For all subjects, facedness for the eight emotional expressions was positively related to eyedness, but unrelated to handedness or footedness. Facial asymmetry during emotional expression was more intense on the left side of the lower face and may be a right hemisphere function, regardless of handedness. The one expression requiring deliberate unilateral facial movement was significantly and inversely related to handedness and footedness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parameters of emotional processing in neuropsychiatric disorders: conceptual issues and a battery of tests.

Components of emotional processing were examined in psychiatric and neurological populations: communication channel (face/voice), processing mode (expression/perception), and emotional valence (positive/negative). These were assessed with an experimental affect battery which was administered to schizophrenic, unipolar depressive, right-brain-damaged, Parkinson's disease, and normal control right-handed adults. For expression, subjects were taped while producing facial and vocal emotional expressions. Judges rated the expressions for accuracy and intensity. For perception, subjects were asked to identify and discriminate facial and vocal emotions. Using correlational techniques, relationships between facial and vocal channels and between expressive and perceptual modes were explored. The test battery has good psychometric properties and discriminates among diagnostic groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurobiological and cultural aspects of facial asymmetry.

Facial asymmetry refers to the fact that the left and the right sides of the face during movement or rest are not identical. This asymmetry can be produced by a range of factors, such as ones that are anatomical, physiological, neurological, psychological, pathological, or sociocultural. Interaction among these various factors is not uncommon and has the potential to confound scientific investigations. When focusing on asymmetrical facial movements and expressions--which is the issue of this article--one has to make sure to control for other types of asymmetries that could confound the observations. To ensure such control, adequate judgment and measurement techniques are necessary. Some of these techniques are briefly described in this article. Furthermore, some explanations for facial asymmetrical movements are considered. From a neuropsychological perspective, it is suggested that asymmetrical facial expressions have some relationship to the functional asymmetry of the brain. But social-psychological and cultural factors, it is argued here, may also play an important role in the phenomenon of asymmetrical facial expressions, although no definitive statements regarding the nature of their role are made at this point.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spontaneous expression of facial emotion in schizophrenic and right-brain-damaged patients.

The primary neuropsychological theories of schizophrenia have emphasized disturbed dominant hemisphere functioning, although schizophrenics (SZs), particularly those with flat affect, may have deficits resembling those of patients with damage to their right hemisphere. SZs, right-brain-damaged patients (RBDs), and normal controls (NCs) were videotaped while talking about a pleasant and an unpleasant experience. Raters viewed the video recordings of facial activity with the audio portion turned off and assessed the intensity of emotion, the amount of positive emotion, and the amount of negative emotion. Compared to controls, both patient groups were judged as less expressive and as displaying more negative than positive emotion. In particular, the patients seemed to have difficulty with the expression of positive feelings. For the SZ group, these findings may be related to anhedonia or to poor social functioning, which are often features of the illness. The findings for the RBD group are contrary to previous studies which have suggested that the right hemisphere is specialized for negative emotion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of inversion on memory for faces in Parkinson's disease and right-hemisphere stroke patients.

Upright and upside-down photographs of faces, schematic drawings of faces, and photographs of houses were presented to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), patients with right hemisphere stroke (RH), and age-matched normal control subjects (NC) in a forced-choice recognition paradigm. These slides were presented in four orientation conditions: upright at original presentation and at test, upside-down at both, upright initially and upside-down at test, and vice versa. NC subjects recognized faces most accurately when presented in the same orientation both times. This suggests that the information is resistant to mental rotation. Patients with PD recognized faces most accurately when they were presented upright both times, suggesting difficulty with any unusual orientation, consistent with an inability to shift mental set. RH patients, unlike the other groups, did not recognize faces presented upright both times more accurately than those in any other condition. This supports previous studies suggesting a right hemisphere specialization for recognition of upright faces.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Facial expression of positive and negative emotions in patients with unipolar depression.

Neuropsychological research in major depression has generally been limited to the realm of cognition. This study focuses instead on the neuropsychology of affect. Emotional facial expression was examined in light of its presumed right cerebral hemisphere mediation and evidence for right hemisphere disorganization in major depression. Posed facial emotional expressions of four emotions were elicited and dynamically photographed in 30 unipolar depressives and 30 normal controls. Accuracy and emotional intensity of the expressions were rated by blind raters. Depressed patients were significantly impaired in the production of emotional facial expressions, particularly for positive ones. Several alternative explanations for the findings are discussed and further studies recommended.

Arousal↗