PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J C Hierholzer

Publications and source records attributed to J C Hierholzer.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Comparison of a monoclonal antibody with a polyclonal serum in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting adenovirus.

To develop and evaluate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting adenovirus antigens in which a group-specific monoclonal antibody to the adenovirus hexon is used, we studied two different ELISA test systems. The test system which was the most sensitive and specific was then compared in parallel tests with a similarly constructed ELISA in which a mouse polyclonal serum was used. Both the ELISA with the monoclonal antibody and that with the polyclonal serum detected purified hexon and 15 different adenovirus types with similar sensitivities. The two assays also showed no reaction with 23 heterologous viruses. Both tests detected adenovirus in stool and respiratory tract specimens tested for adenovirus by standard tissue culture techniques with similar sensitivities and specificities, but neither was sufficiently sensitive for routine testing of these types of clinical specimens. However, the ELISA with the monoclonal antibody proved to be a good test for the noncultivatable adenoviruses, detecting 12 of 12 stool samples that were positive by electron microscopy. The monoclonal antibody proved to be as sensitive and specific as the polyclonal serum and has the advantage that it can be produced in unlimited quantities and needs to be characterized only once.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1982

New human adenovirus associated with respiratory illness: candidate adenovirus type 39.

A new human adenovirus was isolated from a stool specimen from a 2-year-old El Salvadorian male hospitalized with severe respiratory illness. The virus, strain D335, is a typical adenovirus by routine classification tests and bears little resemblance to the other 38 adenovirus serotypes by standard hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization tests. The only significant cross-reaction observed was between adenovirus types 39 and 13, bilaterally, by the hemagglutination inhibition test. The virus was clearly differentiated from the other human adenoviruses by restriction enzyme analyses with SmaI, SacI, and KpnI enzymes. Strain D335 agglutinates human and rat erythrocytes to moderately high titers and is placed in hemagglutination subgroup 2B on the basis of differential hemagglutination with erythrocytes from 13 animal species. It has a density in cesium chloride of 1.339 g/ml and produces soluble components in human embryonic kidney culture that band at 1.303 g/ml (hexon), 1.283 g/ml (dodecon), and 1.212 g/ml (fiber), the last component being the only incomplete hemagglutinin found. The viral DNA is cleaved into 17 fragments by the SmaI restriction enzyme, indicating that strain D335 is a member of adenovirus subgenus D. Strain D335 is herein described as candidate adenovirus type 39 (Mastadenovirus h 39).

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1982

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Southeast Asian refugees arriving in the United States--isolation of enterovirus 70.

During July-September 1980, an epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred in several refugee camps and transit centers in Southeast Asia. Of 2,356 refugees examined in Bangkok, 200 (8.5%) had conjunctivitis, including 116 (58%) with hemorrhagic signs. Because increasing numbers of refugees were arriving in the United States with conjunctivitis, a program of surveillance and control was implemented. Enterovirus 70, not previously reported from patients in the Western Hemisphere, was cultured from four arriving refugees. A fourfold rise in titer to enterovirus 70 was found in 10 others, either in the United States or Thailand. After control measures were instituted, the prevalence of the United States or Thailand. After control measures were instituted, the prevalence of conjunctivitis in arriving refugees declined from 49.8 per 1,000 to 3.8 per 1,000. Follow-up of cases after arrival in the United States revealed only one possible secondary case. Extensive epidemics of AHC in the Western Hemisphere are most likely to occur following importation into the humid, coastal areas of Central and South America.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1981

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8: epidemiologic and laboratory aspects of a large outbreak.

During late 1977 and early 1978, 192 cases of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis occurred in a community in central Georgia. In 86 of these cases, the patient had been exposed to a single ophthalmologist's office (physician A) 3-22 days before onset of illness. Patients considered as cases were more likely to have had invasive ophthalmologic procedures than non-cases (p < 0.001), and a linear relationship existed between the number of procedures performed and the attack rate (r = 0.91, p < 0.05). Adenovirus type 8 (AV8) was identified as the responsible pathogen by culture and/or antibody determination for 20 of these patients. Group-specific AV hexon antigen and type specific dodecon antigen were identified in four of seven ophthalmic solutions obtained from physician A's office. The outbreak stopped after proper control techniques were initiated.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1980

Generalized viral illness caused by an intermediate strain of adenovirus (21/H21 + 35).

Ten isolates of an antigenically intermediate strain of adenovirus were recovered from eight persons who presented febrile upper respiratory illness, pneumonia, or multisystem disease between November 1976 and August 1978. Six isolates were recovered from four members of an extended family in which the other nine members all had serologic evidence of infection; the other four isolates were epidemiologically unrelated. The isolates were placed in hemagglutination group IB on the basis of results of differential hemagglutination tests. All isolates were identified as adenovirus 21 by serum-neutralization tests and as types 21, 34, or 35 by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with reference rabbit and horse antisera. Conversely, rabbit antiserum to the intermediate strain had high titers of neutralizing antibody to adenovirus 21 and high titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to adenoviruses 21 and 35. The patients' serologic responses were similar. Thus, the isolates were typed as adenovirus 21/H21 + 35 and are the first such intermediate strains recorded.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1980

An outbreak of adenovirus type 3 disease at a private recreation center swimming pool.

In the period June 6--July 24, 1977, and outbreak of illness due to adenovirus type 3 (AV3) occurred in residents of a suburban community (Community A), Dekalb County, Georgia. Based on surveys, at least 105 cases occurred. The illness was primarily characterized by sore throat, fever, headache, and anorexia. Conjunctivitis affected only 34 of 105 (32%) of the individuals in two surveys. Frequent use of a private swimming pool was associated with illness in Community A residents. The outbreak coincided with a temporary defect in the pool filtration system which probably prevented maintenance of proper chlorine levels in the pool water, and suggested that the infection was spread by pool water. However, the predominant mode of transmission could not be shown conclusively to be waterborn rather than person-to-person.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

Purification of adenovirus 4 type-specific hemagglutinins for use in diagnostic counterelectrophoresis tests.

Three type-specific hemagglutinins of adenovirus (AV) 4 were purified, tested for various activities, and used as immunogens in rabbits. The components were purified by anion exchange and exclusion chromatographies to purification factors of 33, 20, and 37, respectively, and were identified as fiber (polypeptide, mol wt 70,000; incomplete hemagglutinin), penton (mol wt greater than 400,000; incomplete hemagglutinin; possession of cytotoxic activity), and dodecon (mol wt greater than 400,000; complete hemagglutinin; appearance by electron microscopy). Rabbit antisera to these hemagglutinating components possessed type-specific hemagglutination-inhibition and serum neutralization antibodies and were thoroughly evaluated for potency and specificty in immunodiffusion (ID), immunoelectrophoresis, and counterelectrophoresis (CE) tests. The anti-fiber and anti-dodecon sera were highly type-specific in ID and CE tests with a battery of commonly isolated AV serotypes; the anti-penton serum was similarly specific after it was absorbed with AV 2 hexons. These sera were thus proved to be suitable reagents for use in both the routine diagnostic ID test and the more rapid CE test.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1979

Extrapulmonary manifestations of adenovirus type 7 pneumonia simulating Reye syndrome and the possible role of an adenovirus toxin.

Three children developed extensive extrapulmonary disease in the course of fatal adenovirus type 7 pneumonia. Several clinical features, including the unexpected onset of coma, suggested the development of Reye syndrome, but biochemical and histopathologic findings were inconsistent with this diagnosis. Virologic and pathologic studies did not reveal evidence of extrapulmonary adenovirus infection, despite clinical involvement of the liver, skeletal muscle, and central nervous system. The detection in premortem sera from all three patients of adenovirus penton antigen, known to be cytotoxic in vitro, suggests a possible mechanism for the production of extrapulmonary pathology in the absence of extrapulmonary virus infection.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

Pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 4: report of a swimming pool-related outbreak with recovery of virus from pool water.

During the summer of 1977, an outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) occurred at a private recreational facility in Georgia. A total of 72 cases of PCF was identified. Adenovirus type 4 (AV-4) was recovered from conjunctival or pharyngeal swab specimens from 20 of 26 persons in the group of cases tested. AV-4 was also recovered, for the first time reported in the literature, from two concentrated samples of water obtained from the swimming pool at the facility on different dates. All persons affected had had direct or indirect contact with the pool. A linear relation between the amount of time spent in the water and the attack rate was demonstrated (r = 0.929, P less than 0.01). Investigation showed that inadequate amounts of chlorine had been added to the pool water. Frequently, levels of free chlorine were below the recommended level of 0.4 mg/liter. Breakpoint chlorination and closing of the pool for the summer stopped the spread of PCF.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

Five-year analysis of adenovirus 8 antibody levels in an industrial community following an outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis.

Serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were monitored for five years with samples from 79 keratoconjunctivitis patients with type 8 adenovirus (AV-8) infection. Geometric mean antibody titers declined from 1:161 at the peak of the epidemic to 1:56 after five years. Computerized analysis of the decline in geometric mean antibody titer indicates that most patients will have a serum HI titer of 1:25 by 10 years after their clinical infection. These residual antibody levels and the consistent failure to document re-infection with AV-8 suggest that recurrent episodes of keratoconjunctivitis are caused by adenovirus serotypes other than type 8.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1979

New strain of mouse hepatitis virus as the cause of lethal enteritis in infant mice.

A new strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was isolated from pooled gut suspensions from an epizootic of lethal enteritis in newborn mice. Negative-contrast electron microscopy showed an abundance of coronavirus particles in the intestinal contents and intestinal epithelium of moribund mice. We found no other virus in the epizootic. Dams seroconverted to MHV polyvalent antigen and to the agent isolated, but did not develop antibodies to other known mouse pathogens. Virus propagated in NCTC-1469 tissue culture produced enteric disease in suckling mice but not fatal diarrhea; the dams of these mice also developed antibodies to MHV and to the isolates. By complement fixation, single radial hemolysis, and quantal neutralization tests, we found the isolates antigenically most closely related to MHV-S, unilaterally related to MHV-JHM, and more distantly related to MHV-1, MHV-3, MHV-A59, and human coronavirus OC-43. We also studied cross-reactions among the murine and human coronaviruses in detail. Tissues of infected newborn mice were examined by light microscopy, thin-section electron microscopy, and frozen-section indirect immunofluorescence, revealing that viral antigen, virus particles, and pathological changes were limited to the intestinal tract. We have designated our isolates as MHV-S/CDC.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Characteristics of noncultivable adenoviruses associated with diarrhea in infants: a new subgroup of human adenoviruses.

Virus particles morphologically resembling adenovirus were found in fecal specimens from infants and were examined for cultivability with standard cell culture techniques and for characteristics of human adenoviruses. Specimens from 13 of 15 infants could not be cultivated in cell cultures. The two adenoviruses that were cultivated, types 1 and 31, reacted in the expected manner in all tests. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with group-specific anti-hexon serum confirmed that the observed particles in the 15 specimens were human adenoviruses. The buoyant density in sucrose of five of the noncultivable adenoviruses in original stool suspensions averaged 1.335 g/cm(3) and that of the two cultivable ones averaged 1.332 g/cm(3); both groups had typical adenovirus morphology by electron microscopy. Treatment of the specimens and of a variety of tissue culture cells with proteolytic and other enzymes did not improve cultivability. Examination of partially purified virus by immunoelectron microscopy did not reveal evidence of immunoglobulin A, G, or M coating on the particles, an indication that coproantibody inhibition was not the cause of noncultivability. Fluorescent-antibody studies with an antihexon conjugate and counterimmunoelectrophoresis studies of serially passaged noncultivable viruses indicated that the viruses are infecting cells but are not undergoing effective replication. Antisera to three of the noncultivable viruses demonstrated homologous reactions in counterimmunoelectrophoresis with the respective immunizing antigens but showed only low levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing activity to a few of the known human adenoviruses. We concluded that the noncultivable viruses in these infant diarrhea cases were indeed human adenoviruses, were not defective particles, were not bound to coproantibody, were infectious but incapable of effective relication in conventional cell cultures, were serologically related to types 11, 17, 32, and 33, and should be considered a new, distinct subgroup.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1978

Presence of genomic polyadenylate and absence of detectable virion transcriptase in human coronavirus OC-43.

Human coronavirus RNA, prepared by extraction of purified virions with phenol-chloroform, consists of a major 15 to 55S class and a minor 4S class of RNA fragments. Polyadenylic acid [poly (A)] sequences are present in 15 to 55S but not in 4S RNA, suggesting different functions for each class. A stretch of poly (A) of approximately 19 adenosine monophosphate residues was obtained in sizing experiments after digesting OC-43 RNA with pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases. An OC-43 virion RNA transcriptase could not be detected with systems optimal for detecting the transcriptases of influenza and Newcastle disease virus.

Base Sequence↗