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Biomedical subjects

J Chmielnicka

Publications and source records attributed to J Chmielnicka.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Analysis of urinary porphyrins in rats exposed to aluminum and iron.

The mechanism by which excess aluminum induces anemia may be aluminum overload resulting from a reversible block in heme synthesis due either to a defect in porphyrin synthesis or to impaired iron utilization. Studies were conducted to define the specific changes in the urinary porphyrin excretion pattern (porphyrin profile) and the time course of those changes in rats exposed to aluminum. In these studies, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) was orally administered to female Wistar rats at the dose of 100 mg Al/kg for 35 days with or without FeCl2 (4 mg Fe/kg). Control rats were treated with 0.9% NaCl or with FeCl2 (4 mg/kg). The dynamics of urine porphyrins (8-, 7-, 6-, 5-, and 4-carboxyporphyrins) was determined by HPLC on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days in both exposed and control groups of rats. The results of the experiment indicate that aluminum induced a statistically significant increase in the percentage of uroporphyrin and a decrease in coproporphyrin in urine (cumulative dose, 2100 mg Al/kg). Changes in urinary porphyrins were observed when the concentration of aluminum in serum was at 48 microg Al/L on average. Administration of iron together with aluminum diminished the described changes in porphyrins metabolism caused by aluminum itself.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Interaction of aluminum with exogenous and endogenous iron in the organism of rats.

The aim of these experiments was to find changes in free erythrocyte protoporphyrins (FEP) and in the concentration of endogenous iron in the blood, erythrocytes, serum, liver, kidneys, and spleen of rats, as well as in the dynamics of aluminum concentrations in the serum of rats after oral application of aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) separately or with ferrum chloride (FeCl(2)), depending on the time and doses administered. The experiments were carried out on female Wistar rats which received (p.o.) 100 mg Al/kg separately or with iron (4 mg Fe/kg) daily for 35 days. The effects of aluminum administration were noticed after the second week. The experiments demonstrated that the increase in the level of free erythrocyte protoporphyrins in the blood is the most sensitive indicator of exposure to AlCl(3). A decrease in iron concentration in erythrocytes, blood, and spleen was also noticed. The response and the sequence of the investigated effects were recorded according to aluminum and iron concentration in the serum. Joint administration of iron and aluminum decreases concentration of aluminum in serum and prevents changes in the investigated indicators in rats exposed to aluminum chloride.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Variations in metallothionein, Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations and ceruloplasmin activity in pregnant rat dams and their fetuses.

Growing rat fetuses have great need for Zn, Cu, and Fe. In fetal livers (FL) large accumulations of Zn and Cu connected with increased metallothionein (MT) synthesis take place. In dams, serum changes in metals concentrations with increased ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity are observed. The aim of this study was to determine (1) mutual relationships in the accumulation of MT, Zn, Cu, and Fe in fetal livers; (2) changes in Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in dam serum; and (3) the day with the maximum Cp activity. Sections of rat dams were taken on 16th-21st day of gestation, twice a day, and MT, Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in liver, spleen, kidneys, and placenta of dams and in liver and brain in fetuses were determined. In fetal livers high correlations between MT and Zn and between Zn and Cu were obtained. The investigated Cp activity was always high, reaching its maximum on the 20th day and minimum on the 21st day. Significant correlation between Cp activity and Cu concentration in dam serum was also revealed. In conclusion it is suggested that Zn accumulation in FL is strictly connected with MT synthesis but Cu content in FL is rather dependent on Cp activity in dam serum. Iron accumulation in fetal livers is connected with the diminution of iron concentrations in dam serum.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental exposure to Pb and Cd during 1990-1997 of inhabitants of Katowice District, which is an area of high environmental exposure to lead and cadmium, as well as exposure to Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Ca, Na, and K, on the basis of concentrations in hair, teeth, and nails. This investigation was to explain if accumulation of Pb and Cd can affect the concentration of such essential metals as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca. Inhabitants of the Beskid area constituted a control group. Analysis of the aforementioned elements was carried out on 624 hair samples, 785-tooth- samples, and 338 nail samples taking into consideration sex, age (<15, 16-30, >30 years), and type of teeth (incisor, canine, molar, premolar). Concentrations of elements in the media investigated were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were calculated using the Statistica program. The major statistical analysis focuses on determining analysis of variance by MANOVA/ANOVA, Rao R (P<0.05), Spjotvolla-Stoline'a test, and cluster analysis (1-Pearson r). The investigation revealed that among the media investigated, Pb concentration in hair is an environmental marker of exposure to this metal in the human organism and depends on sex and age. It was also observed that an increase in Pb concentration in hair causes a decrease in Fe and Ca concentrations and changes the ratios of essential metals: Fe/Cu, Fe/Zn, and Ca/Zn. It is concluded that not only in blood but also in the hair, lead significantly influences Ca and Fe. Analysis of nail samples of people living in Katowice District indicated that an increasing concentration of Pb decreases concentrations of copper and zinc. Increased accumulation of such metals as Ni, Cr, and Mn in teeth was observed for samples taken from inhabitants of Katowice District.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of aluminum on hematopoiesis after intraperitoneal exposure in rats.

The experiments were performed on female Wistar rats that received aluminum chloride every day intraperitoneally, 4 mg Al/kg for 3 weeks. In the blood selected morphological factors and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALA-D) were investigated. In the kidney and liver ALA-D, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S), and heme oxygenase activity were also determined. After aluminum chloride administration the most sensitive indicator was an increase of heme oxygenase activity in the liver and a decrease in iron levels in the serum of rats. Aluminum also increased ALA-S activity in the kidney and liver of rats. No changes of ALA-D activity in the liver, the kidney, and the blood were observed. The decreasing of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin mass, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was noted after 3 weeks of exposure.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
PubMed1996

Cadmium interaction with essential metals (Zn, Cu, Fe), metabolism metallothionein, and ceruloplasmin in pregnant rats and fetuses.

Cadmium administered to rats per os is accumulated in the duodenal mucosa in the form of metallothionein (MT). Therefore, this toxic metal can influence the efficiency of essential metal absorption, especially their concentration in the maternal organism, which plays an essential role during fetal development. The aim of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of the origin of Zn, Cu, and Fe deficiency in fetal rat livers after maternal exposure to cadmium in drinking water and to investigate the roles of MT and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in this phenomenon. Cadmium was given to pregnant dams exposed for 0-20 days of gestation in drinking water at concentrations of 6. 25-100 microg Cd/ml. After cessation of exposure, at the lowest dose, a decrease in Cu and Fe concentrations in the duodenal mucosa was found. Simultaneously, diminution in concentration of two cited metals and Cp activity in serum of dam blood was noted. The lowest dose of cadmium developed a drop tendency in microsomal fetal liver iron. Significant correlations were observed between fetal liver Cu contents and Cp activity in serum of dams and Cu concentrations in serum of dams. Diminished Cp activity in serum of dams is related to reduced availability of Cu and Fe in fetuses. In conclusion, it is suggested that the mechanism of Cu and Fe deficit content in fetuses is based on the diminution of absorption of these metals by dam intestines exposed to cadmium on the reduction of metal concentrations in blood serum and, in consequence, their decreasing availability in fetuses.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Urinary excretion of chromium as an indicator of exposure to various chromium forms in MMA/SS welders.

Increased levels of Cr discharged with urine after working shift, Cr-U (arithmetic mean 15.8 mu g/g creatinine), and Cr buildup during working shift, DeltaCr-U (arithmetic mean 3.8 mu g/g creatinine), were observed in 15 MMA/SS welders exposed during the working week to welding fumes containing Cr VI (33-56%) - mainly soluble (87%) and Cr III (44-67%) - mainly insoluble (72%). The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for DeltaCr-U vs. Cr total (r = 0.58), Cr VI (r = 0.56) and soluble Cr III in the air. Increased DeltaCr-U value for exposures at MAC Cr VI (16.8 mu g/g creatinine) was demonstrated in welders employed longer than 7 years and exposed to Cr VI below MAC level, which might suggest that the duration of employment affects that value within the low range of concentration of Cr VI in the air (< 0.03 mg/m3). Nevertheless, linear relationship between DeltaCr-U for exposures to Cr VI at MAC levels and duration of employment was not confirmed for wide range of air Cr VI (0.005-0.4 mg/m3). Similar DeltaCr-U values at MAC for Cr VI (6.4 and 6.6 mu g/g creatinine) were obtained for all welders, and those employed over 7 years, respectively, which may suggest that this parameter can be misleading.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Disturbances of morphological parameters in blood of rats orally exposed to aluminum chloride.

The aim of this work was to assess changes of morphological parameters in the blood of rats after oral (po) administration of aluminum (Al), in relation to the time and the administered dose. The experiment was performed on female Wistar rats. The animals were administered aluminum chloride (100 mg Al/kg) daily for 21 d. Morphological assays: red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), iron serum concentration (Fe), MCH, MCHC, absolute corrected reticulocyte count (ACRC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelet count (PLT) were estimated on d 3, 7, 14, and 21, both in the control group and in intoxicated rats. After wk 1 of aluminum administration we observed a decrease of RBC, HCT, HGB and serum iron concentration in the blood of rats. The increase of the platelet count was observed earlier than changes in other parameters. Investigation has proved that the exposure of rats to aluminum administered orally results in normocytic anemia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

The effect of aluminum chloride on some steps of heme biosynthesis in rats after oral exposure.

Certain disturbances in heme biosynthesis induced by aluminum chloride were examined. The experiment was performed on female rats that received AlCl3 orally at the dose 100 mg Al/kg daily for 21 d. The effects of aluminum on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S), dehydratase (ALA-D), and heme oxygenase (O.H.) were observed on 3, 7, 14, and 21 d in liver and kidneys of rats. Also the activity of ALA-D in blood and the concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) in urine were observed. Orally administered aluminum caused increase in the activity of ALA-D in the liver and blood, and parallel decrease of ALA-U in urine (r = -0.85) of rats. Aluminum chloride also induced an increase of ALA-S and O.H. in the liver but not in the kidneys. The changes of the enzymes activity participating in heme biosynthesis after administration of aluminum may be correlated with anemia and iron metabolism in rats.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
PubMed1994

Combined effect of tin and lead on heme biosynthesis in rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effect of tin (SnCl2) and lead Pb(CH3COO)2 on activity of heme biosynthesis enzymes [delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S) and heme oxygenase] in liver and kidneys, as well as iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) concentration in serum of rats. The experiment was performed on female rats which received 2 mg Sn/kg and 3.5 mg Pb/kg separately and jointly intraperitoneally (ip) for 5 days and per os (po) at single dose (100 mg Sn/kg and 17.5 mg Pb/kg). Lead induced ALA-S in liver and kidney both after ip and po administration; tin, however, induced ALA-S only after ip administration in liver of rats. The activity of heme oxygenase was induced after Sn po and ip administration in liver and kidneys and Pb administration (ip) in kidneys. Sn and Pb administered jointly caused a significant increase of Cu (ip), whereas Sn (po) decreased this metal level in serum of rats. Kidneys proved to be the organ in which the highest degree of examined enzyme induction took place. Pb is responsible for ALA-S, whereas Sn is responsible for induction of heme oxygenase activity in this organ, especially after per os administration. No additive effect on ALA-S and heme oxygenase activities of Pb and Sn combined was noticed.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of tin and lead toxic action on erythropoietic system in blood and bone marrow of rabbits.

The aim of this work was to assess and compare morphological changes in blood and bone marrow of rabbits after per os (po) or intraperitoneal (ip) administration of equimolar doses of tin or lead. The experiment was performed on female rabbits that were divided into four groups of six animals each, and received stannous chloride SnCl2 x 2 H2O (Merck) or lead acetate Pb(CH3COO)2 (POCh Gliwice) in equimolar doses (ip--17/microM/kg) or per os (po--85/microM/kg). Group I was administered SnCl2 ip at the dose of 2 mg Sn/kg every day for 3 mo, group II Pb(CH3COO)2 ip at a dose of 3.5 mg Pb/kg every day for 3 wk, group III po SnCl2 (10 mg Sn/kg), and group IV po Pb(CH3COO)2 (17.5 mg Pb/kg), both for 4 mo. The morphological factors hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), erythrocyte (Ercs), and reticulocyte counts, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and erythropoietic system in bone marrow aspirates with sideroblast count, iron concentration, TIBC, and SI were estimated. Tin caused hemolytic anemia depending on abnormal iron utilization. After ip administration of tin, anemia was observed during the whole time of the study, whereas after po exposure, transient anemia was noticed. It has been proven that the mechanism of toxic action of tin on hematopoietic system is similar to the toxic effect of lead.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Relation between various chromium compounds and some other elements in fumes from manual metal arc stainless steel welding.

For the years 1987-1990 160 individual samples of manual metal arc stainless steel (MMA/SS) welding fumes from the breathing zone of welders in four industrial plants were collected. Concentrations of soluble and insoluble chromium (Cr) III and Cr VI compounds as well as of some other welding fume elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, F) were determined. Concentration of welding fumes in the breathing zone ranged from 0.2 to 23.4 mg/m3. Total Cr amounted to 0.005-0.991 mg/m3 (including 0.005-0.842 mg/m3 Cr VI). Total Cr content of fumes varied from 0.1 to 7.4%. The distribution of particular Cr compounds was: 52.6% soluble Cr (including 50.7% Cr VI), 65.5% total Cr VI, and 11.4% insoluble Cr VI. The results obtained indicate that MMA/SS welding is a process that could be highly hazardous to human health. Evaluation of occupational exposure has shown that MMA/SS welders may exceed the admissible concentrations of soluble and insoluble Cr VI forms as well as of Mn and Ni. In the plants investigated the sum of the ratios of concentrations of particular welding fumes in the breathing zone of welders exceeded corresponding maximum allowable concentration values by 24 times (including 17 times for total Cr VI). Due to the variety and changeability of particular parameters occurring in the working environment, the composition of MMA/SS welding fumes (in the welder's breathing zone) is so variable that it is not possible to assess the exposure by means of one universal exposure indicator (maximum additive hygienic limit value). The evaluation should be based on the results of measurements of concentrations of particular elements in welding fumes.

Air↗
PubMed1993

Influence of bismuth on the metabolism of endogenous metals in rats.

In this study the effect of single and multiple doses of bismuth on the metabolism and excretion of endogenous metals (Cu, Zn) was investigated. Wistar rats were administered bismuth chloride subcutaneously (1 x 3 mg Bi/kg or 7 x 3 mg Bi/kg). Rats were sacrificed at different time periods after bismuth injections. The levels of Cu and Zn were determined in the liver, kidneys and brain, as well as the concentrations of metallothionein (MT) in the liver and kidneys. Cu, Zn and total protein levels in the urine of control and exposed animals were estimated. Additionally, a histopathological examination of the kidneys and brain was carried out. The increase in the renal and hepatic Cu and Zn content was paralleled by an augmentation in the level of MT in these organs following both kinds of exposure to bismuth. Some changes in the ultrastructure of the kidneys were correlated with the dose of bismuth. Zinc content in the brains of exposed rats was lower than in control animals brains, but there was no difference in copper level and no histological changes. The excretion of copper and zinc was higher in the exposed groups than in control groups. The presented results indicate that the disturbances in the metabolism of Zn or Cu in the liver, kidneys and brain and the increase in urinary output of metals may be a much more sensitive index than morphological damage and impaired renal function to the bismuth exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Disturbances in heme biosynthesis in rabbits after administration per os of low doses of tin or lead.

The experiment was performed on female rabbits that received per os equimolar doses (17 microM Me/kg) of SnCl2 x 2 H2O or Pb (CH3 COO)2 every day for 5 d. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in the whole blood, liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, and bone marrow, concentration of free erythrocyte protoporphyrins (FEP), activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S) in the liver and bone marrow, urine delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U), and coproporphyrins (CP-U) were determined. Lead and tin concentrations in the blood were estimated. Lead caused a significant inhibition of ALA-D in the blood, increased FEP concentration, and ALA and CP excretion in urine of rabbits. Lead also decreased ALA-D activity in the bone marrow and in the liver, and did not change ALA-S activity in the liver and bone marrow. Tin did not change any of the examined indices. Tin doses applied in the present study, maintained within the limits of permissible standards of metal levels in human diet, did not affect the process of heme biosynthesis in rabbits.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Protective effect of zinc on heme biosynthesis disturbances in rabbits after administration per os of tin.

In the present study the lowest p.o. doses of tin affecting heme biosynthesis in rabbits were determined and the protective effect of zinc on these disorders was evaluated. The experiment was performed on female rabbits who received per os single doses of SnCl2 x 2 H2O (10, 100, and 200 mg Sn/kg) and ZnSO4 (50 mg Zn/kg s.c.). The activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in the whole blood, free erythrocyte propoporhyrins, urine delta-aminolevulinic acid, and coproporphyrins (CP-U) were determined. In animals administered tin at a dose of 100 mg Sn/kg, ALA-D activity decreased by about 80% and two- to threefold increases in the ALA and CP concentrations in urine were observed. A protective effect of zinc with respect to ALA-D activity was noticed in both groups (100 and 200 mg Sn/kg) after combined administration of both metals. Results of an interaction between zinc and tin were also observed to reduce ALA levels in urine, whereas zinc did not protect against an effect of tin on CP excretion.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Changes in concentration of essential metals in kidneys and urine as indices of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in female Wistar rats.

Wistar rats were treated with gentamicin in single (80 mg/kg) or repeated doses (7 x 40 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Total protein as well as excretion of essential metals (Cu, Zn) with the urine were determined 24 hr after 1, 3 and 7 dosages as well as 3 and 7 days after the termination of administration. At the same time kidneys were examined histopathologically by light microscopy. Simultaneously, Cu, Zn and metallothionein levels in kidneys and liver were determined. Rats receiving gentamicin demonstrated progressive renal proximal tubular necrosis at the end of 7 days administration. At the same time elevated copper and zinc levels were observed in urine. These essential metals seem to be an indicator of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.

Animals↗