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Biomedical subjects

J Chmielnicka

Publications and source records attributed to J Chmielnicka.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Tissue distribution and urinary excretion of essential elements in rats orally exposed to aluminum chloride.

The purpose of this study was to determine disorders in the metabolism of the essential elements (Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in some tissues of rats, as well as to detect the dynamics of urinary excretion of these metals after oral administration of 20 mgAl/kg every day for 8 wk. The elements were determined in brain, kidneys, blood, and urine of the animals in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 8th wk after the exposure to AlCl3. After the 1st wk of aluminium administration, we observed increase of Ca and a decrease of Fe in blood. In brain Ca, Fe, and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in Al-treated rats than in controls after 8-wk exposure. The concentration changes of the essential metals in the tissue were accompanied by increase of the Ca, Fe, and Zn urinary excretion. We assume that the increase in urinary excretion of Ca and the decrease of Fe in the blood may be sensitive indicators of oral aluminium administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

[Health effects of exposure of humans to inorganic arsenic compounds].

This paper is a review of references concerning health effects of environmental and occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic compounds. Special attention is paid to epidemiological studies indicating a relationship between time and amount of arsenic absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract (drinking water, contaminated food, drugs) and an increase in skin cancer rate. Occupational and environmental exposure of humans to arsenic dust induces a higher risk of lung cancer.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

Effects of tin and lead on organ levels of essential minerals in rabbits.

The effect of tin and lead on levels of essential metals (Zn, Cu, Ca, Fe) in rabbit tissues was compared in relation to the route of administration. Animals received intraperitoneally, or per os, SnCl2 (2 mg Sn/kg) or Pb(CH3COO)2 (3.5 mg Pb/kg) every day for 5 d or for 1 mo. Copper, zinc, iron, and calcium were determined by AAS in the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain, bone marrow, and blood; lead and tin concentration were measured in the blood of animals. Tin and lead administered per os caused either no changes or the decreased concentration of endogenous metals in several tissues. The other route of administration (ip) of both metals generally contributed to the increased storage of essential elements. Blood tin levels of tin treated animals were only about less than or equal to 1/10 of blood lead concentrations of rabbits exposed to lead.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Correlation of cadmium-induced nephropathy and the metabolism of endogenous copper and zinc in rats.

Female Wistar rats were injected (sc) every second day for 8 weeks with Cd (0.25 mg/kg) as CdCl2. After only a 2-week exposure, when cadmium (Cd) concentration in liver was about 13 micrograms/g, ultrastructural examinations revealed some irregular ergastoplasm systems and significant proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocyte ultrastructure. The increase in Zn content occurred simultaneously with the increase in Cd concentration in the liver (Zn to Cd ratio was 1:1). In the kidneys after a 3-week exposure, when Cd concentration was 7 micrograms/g, the concentration of endogenous Cu increased. At the same time the urinary excretion of that metal was considerably higher than that of the control group. In the kidneys after a 4-week exposure, when Cd concentration in this organ exceeded 10 micrograms/g tissue, injured brush border microvilli and swollen mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubular cells were seen. In renal corpuscules, fusion between the podocyte pedicles was also found. The changes in renal cortex ultrastructure became more pronounced when Cd concentration in kidney was increasing. Necrotic changes in the examined organ were observed when Cd concentration increased to about 30 micrograms/g tissue. The critical concentration in renal cortex of about 200 micrograms/g tissue should be revised. The present margin of safety with regard to risk of renal effects is small.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Methods for determining soluble and insoluble Cr III and Cr VI compounds in welding fumes.

An analytical procedure for simultaneous determination of soluble and insoluble Cr III and Cr VI compounds in welding fumes has been proposed. In the welding fume samples collected on a membrane filter, total chromium was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Glass filters with collected samples were divided into two parts. In one part of the sample, soluble and insoluble chromium was determined by means of AAS. The separation of soluble chromium III and VI was carried out on diphenylcarbazide resin. In the second part of the sample total chromium VI was determined by means of the colorimetric method with s-diphenylcarbazide. The difference in the results of these determinations allowed the calculation of the content of total Cr III, Cr III insolub. and Cr VI insolub. The results of determining chromium compounds in welding fumes samples collected in the welder's breathing zone and in experimental chambers are also presented in this paper. The content of total chromium in the fumes determined by AAS (from a membrane filtr) and that calculated from the sum of soluble and insoluble chromium (from a glass filter) were concordant and within the limits of the admissible error for the method. Total chromium content in welding fume samples collected individually was found to range from 2.4-4.2%. The percentage of particular chromium compounds as compared to total chromium (100%) amounted: total Cr III--34%, total Cr VI--66%, soluble chromium--66% and in this Cr III--20% and Cr VI--43%, insoluble chromium--34% and in this: Cr III--14% and Cr VI--20%.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1988

[Methodology and evaluation of exposure to fumes formed during welding of chromium-nickel steel].

Using various methods for determination of welding fumes components and taking into account a simultaneous determination of soluble compounds of chromium III and IV, hygienic evaluation in two working places employing different systems of MMA/SS welding, TIG/SS welding and padding was carried out. As it is indicated by the results, proper hygienic evaluation of working conditions is possible owing to the measurements of individual exposure of workers in the breathing zone, allowing for determination of chromium manganese, nickel, and, while applying low-hydrogen electrodes, also fluorides, in every test.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1988

[Evaluation of exposure to fumes arising during welding of non-alloyed and low-alloyed steel by various methods].

Evaluated in the paper is welders' exposure to fumes resulting from welding of nonalloyed and low-alloyed steel, whether pure or coated with protective layers, using two most popular welding techniques for those types of steel, i.e. metal active gas welding (MAG) and manual welding with covered electrode (MMA). Due to different chemical composition of fumes at particular workstations, the proper hygienic evaluation was based on measurements of individual concentrations of fumes in workers' breathing zone. A considerable contribution of the combined exposure was yielded by such fume constituents as manganese, ferrum and zinc (welding of steel coated with zinc protective layers), also chromium (welding of low- and -highalloyed steel), as well as copper (metal gas welding). The highest combined exposure (10-fold allowable value) was that of welders of steel coated with the zinc layer, using the metal active gas welding.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1987

Dynamics of diethyllead excretion in the urine of rabbits after tetraethyllead administration.

The dynamics of diethyllead excretion in rabbit urine according to the dose and method of administration of tetraethyllead were studied. Investigations were made on male rabbits which were given two doses of tetraethyllead (12 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) using intravenous and intragastric methods. Rabbits were also exposed for five hours to tetraethyllead at a concentration of 200 micrograms/m3 in the air. The results show the relation of the diethyllead excretion in rabbit urine to the dose and method of administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Kidney concentrations and urinary excretion of mercury, zinc and copper following the administration of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite to rats.

The effect of single (SC) administration of mercuric chloride (1 mg Hg/kg) alone or jointly with (PO) sodium selenite (0.39 mg Se/kg) on kidney disposition of mercury (Hg) and metallothionein (MT) and urinary excretion of Hg, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) has been studied in the female rat. The excretion of Hg and essential metals was determined every day following exposure. Daily excretion of endogenous Cu and Zn the Hg-exposed group was about threefold and fourfold, respectively, in comparison with control groups of rats. Sodium selenite prevented the urinary excretion of endogenous Cu and partly of Zn.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Interaction of tin and zinc in some processes of heme biosynthesis in rabbits.

Female rabbits (2.5-3.0 kg) were divided into five groups. Group I (control) received ip 0.9% NaCl, every day for 5 days; group II received ip SnCl2 (dose of 2 mg Sn/kg) every day for 5 days; group III was given single sc injection of ZnSO4 (dose of 50 mg Zn/kg); group IV, a single sc injection of ZnSO4 followed by a single ip injection of SnCl2 on the next day; and group V received a single ip injection of SnCl2 followed next day by a single sc injection of ZnSO4. Eighteen hours after the first dose of SnCl2 an inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) by 60% was found in the blood of group II, while increases of urinary excretion of coproporphyrin (CP-U) and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) with respect to the control group took place not earlier than after the fourth dose of SnCl2 (correlation coefficients, respectively: ALA-D/ALA-U r = 0.91; CP-U/ALA-D r = 0.70; CP-U/ALA-U r = 0.81). The single dose of ZnSO4 resulted in an increase of ALA-D by about 60% while administration of SnCl2 to the animals in group IV decreased this value down to physiologic levels. Then an increased tendency was noted again for the activity of this enzyme. Administration of SnCl2 and ZnSO4 (group V) resulted in a decrease of ALA-D activity and in an increase in CP-U.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed1985

The tissue disposition of zinc and copper following repeated administration of cadmium and selenium to rats.

Female rats were divided into four groups of five rats each including one control group (C). The animals were administered Na2SeO3 (Se), (CdCl2 Cd), and Na2SeO3 + CdCl2 (Cd + Se). Sodium selenite was given intragastrically at a dose of 0.5 mg Se/kg every day and cadmium chloride was injected subcutaneously every other day at a dose of 0.3 mg Cd/kg for 2 weeks. Exposure of rats to Cd caused an increase in the concentration of copper in the kidneys, blood, and liver and a decrease in the lung, but increased the concentration of zinc in the liver and brain and diminished it in the muscles and bones. In animals exposed to Se an increase in the copper concentration was observed in blood and brain; zinc was increased in the blood, heart, brain, and stomach, but decreased in the kidneys. Exposure of rats to Cd + Se resulted in an increase of copper in the kidneys and a decrease in the spleen, lungs, stomach, muscles and bones. Se prevented the cadmium-induced diminution of the zinc levels in the muscles and bones.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the blood of rats exposed to tin and zinc.

Ninety rats of the Wistar strain were divided into 18 groups (5 animals in each). Stannous chloride was administered to animals by different routes (subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intragastrically). Zinc was given intraperitoneally and lead was given subcutaneously, both every other day. Control animals received 0.9% NaCl. Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was clearly decreased due to the double tin dose (total dose 4 mg Sn/kg), whereas 7 doses (altogether 14 mg Sn/kg) resulted in almost complete enzyme inhibition. ALAD inhibition in rat blood was similar, whatever the SnCl2 administration route. Greater inhibition was noted when this enzyme measured at pH 6.8. Zinc administered intraperitoneally (without tin) was also found to inhibit ALAD activity. The zinc doses applied did not protect ALAD activity against inhibition by tin, administered either intragastrically or intraperitoneally.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Determination of diethyllead in the urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry.

A method for the determination of diethyllead in urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry after chelation with glyoxal-bis (2-hydroxyanil) and extraction of the formed complex with methyl isobutyl ketone is described. The method is specific in relation to both triethyllead and inorganic lead. The limit of detection was 3.2 micrograms Pb/l and the relative standard deviation in the concentration range 20-100 micrograms Pb/l was 0.076.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Diethyllead as a specific indicator of occupational exposure to tetraethyllead.

In a group of 26 workers exposed to tetraethyllead a correlation was found between the concentration of tetraethyllead in the air and the concentration of diethyllead (r = 0.70) and total lead (r = 0.84) in the urine and also between the excretion of diethyllead and total lead (r = 0.68). The results obtained indicate that diethyllead may be used as a specific indicator of occupational exposure to tetraethyllead.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1985

Interaction of alkylmercuric compounds with sodium selenite. II. Metabolism of methylmercuric chloride administered alone and in combination with sodium selenite in rats.

Repeated doses of sodium selenite (Se) were administered to rats receiving repeated (IV or PO) doses of 0.25 or 2.5 mg Hg/kg methylmercuric chloride (Me2(203)Hg). Se (0.5 mg/kg) was observed to alter the distribution of Me203Hg among tissues as well as among subcellular fractions of kidneys and liver. An excess of selenium resulted in a twofold decrease in the mercury content of kidneys and a similar increase in the mercury content of brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Interaction of alkylmercuric compounds with sodium selenite. III. Biotransformation, levels of metallothioneinlike proteins and endogenous copper in some tissues of rats exposed to methyl or ethylmercuric chloride with and without sodium selenite.

The biotransformation efficiency of alkylmercurial compounds was studied in rat liver, kidneys, blood, and brain after 2-week administration of methylmercuric chloride (MeHg) and ethylmercuric chloride (EtHg) at doses of 0.25 or 2.5 mg Hg/kg, alone or in combination with sodium selenite (Se) at a level of 0.5 mg Se/kg. Simultaneously, the level of metallothioneinlike proteins (MTP) and endogenous copper (Cu) was monitored in tissues of control rats and intoxicated rats. Regardless of the dose, the highest concentrations of inorganic mercury from both the alkylmercurials was found in the rat kidneys. Sodium selenite had a variable effect on the amount of inorganic mercury liberated, depending on the organ and the molar ratio of Hg:Se administered. A statistically significant increase in the levels of MTP and endogenous Cu, compared with control group, was found only in the kidneys of intoxicated rats. This increase was dependent on the concentration of inorganic mercury liberated by biotransformation of alkylmercurials. The observed changes appeared when the level of inorganic mercury exceeded 10 micrograms Hg/g tissue and reached a plateau at about 40 micrograms Hg/g tissue. In the presence of selenium the plateau of MTP and Cu levels were no observed in the kidneys, regardless of the amount of inorganic mercury liberated.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Evaluation of vinyl chloride toxicity based on its metabolism].

Discussed in the paper are the processes of absorption, distribution and metabolization of vinyl chloride in the living organism. The latest views on the occurrence and excretion of vinyl chloride metabolites, possible indices of occupational exposure to this compound, have been presented.

Aerosols↗