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Biomedical subjects

J E Osborn

Publications and source records attributed to J E Osborn.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

AIDS prevention: issues and strategies.

Prospects for vaccines to prevent HIV infection and disease have dimmed appreciably in the past year, and drugs for chemoprophylaxis and/or chemical cure are both unlikely and grossly unrealistic as a means of global HIV control. However, the paucity of transmission routes and their susceptibility to strategies of blood screening and of education for behavior modification point in a clear direction for concerted effort. Where they have been applied, blood screening programs have resulted in a dramatic reduction in transfusion-associated infections, and efforts at enhancing donor- and unit-deferral strategies offer promise of further decrease in risk. There is much encouragement in recent reports of education for prevention. While there has been some unevenness in the extent to which successful risk reeducation has occurred, it is nonetheless dramatic compared with prior health educational efforts, and especially so given the exceptional sensitivity of the sexual and illicit drug using behaviors at issue. Finally, clearly articulated public education and particularly correction of misinformation, can contribute significantly to overall prevention efforts by easing fear and enhancing the climate in which persons at behavioral risk of HIV infection can receive and respond to targeted messages.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Abnormal corneas measured by a new photogrammetric technique.

The limitations of keratometry and photokeratoscopy are briefly discussed. A new photogrammetric technique of measuring corneal topography is described. Contours and cross-sections of abnormal corneas are presented to illustrate the scope and application of the new technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The 1986 Armstrong lecture. AIDS and the world of the 1990s: here to stay.

The 1986 Armstrong Lecture--21st in a series of annual lectures named for the late Col. Harry Armstrong, USAF, MC--was delivered April 24 during the Aerospace Medical Association's Annual Scientific Meeting in Nashville, TN, April 20-24. The history of the onset of the AIDS epidemic was reviewed along with pertinent aspects of the underlying biomedical science which have enabled precise recommendations concerning its control. The prospects of drug treatment or vaccine interventions are remote and, therefore, health education and prevention are the chief weapons available to combat the epidemic for years to come. Numerous impediments to those effective strategies were discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1982

The clinical use of verapamil.

Verapamil was the first of a class of agents known as calcium entry blockers to be released for clinical use in the United States. Although only recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (August 1981), verapamil has been used clinically in countries other than the United States for more than 15 years and has been extensively studied experimentally. Because it is now available, it is necessary for physicians to have a working understanding of its pharmacologic effects and clinical applications. Accordingly, we are reviewing reported experience with verapamil and results of its use at the Mayo Clinic.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Viral vaccines under development: a third generation.

In summary then, my purpose has been two-fold: on the one hand, I have tried to highlight the kinds of basic science advances in both cellular and virologic research that can (and should) be focussed both on vaccines under development and, retrospectively, on those whose origins were strictly empiric. On the other hand, I have attempted a partial survey of some of the prominent members of a potential new generation of vaccines to point out areas where these advances can and should contribute either to progress or to a sense of caution about the further reliance on pure empiricism. It is clear that we are not finished with new viral vaccines. It is equally clear that narrowing the persistent gap between basic science and its application to public health needs will require much energy and attention as vaccine development progresses.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1979

Size of infectious DNA from human and murine cytomegaloviruses.

Viral DNA was isolated from human and murine cytomegalovirus by equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride gradients. The size of the DNA was measured relative to T4 DNA by velocity sedimentation in neutral glycerol gradients, and fractions were assayed for infectious DNA. Infectious murine cytomegalovirus DNA sedimented as a single peak with an estimated molecular weight of 136 X 10(6). Infectious human cytomegalovirus DNA was detected in two peaks with molecular weights of 130 X 10(6) and 150 X 10(6).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of JC and BK human papovaviruses with simian virus 40: DNA homology studies.

Studies were performed to ascertain the relationship of human papovavirus JC to BK virus and to simian virus 40 (SV40) by further restriction endonuclease analysis and by DNA-DNA competition hybridization on membrane filters. Form I DNA extracted from two new isolates from cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy of human papovaviruses that were JC-like in their antigenic properties were found to yield restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns similar to those of prototypic JC virus DNA and different from those of BK or SV40. Form I DNA preparations of JC and BK viruses were found to be related to each other and to SV40 DNA to a similar extent, with JC and BK virus DNAs containing sequences homologous to both early and late regions of the SV40 genome. The relatedness in each comparison was less than 50%, and heterologous hybrids between either JC or BK and SV40 DNAs were found to be less stable than homologous SV40-SV40 hybrids in high concentrations of formamide, suggesting substantial mismatch within homologous regions, to the extent of 15 to 30%. The new JC-like isolates were also studied in competition hybridization reactions with SV40 DNA and yielded results similar to those obtained with JC virus.

BK Virus↗
PubMed1974

Role of macrophages in resistance to murine cytomegalovirus.

The role of macrophages in protecting mice from murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was studied in Swiss, CBA/J, and C57BL/6J mice. CBA/J mice were more resistant to virus than were C57BL/6J mice at all ages tested. Prior treatment of adult Swiss mice with 60 mg of silica, a dose selectively toxic to macrophages, increased mortality due to MCMV infection. Transfer of syngeneic adult macrophages to suckling mice significantly increased their resistance to subsequent MCMV infection. Transfer of syngeneic, nonimmune adult lymphocytes to suckling mice also had a lesser but significant protective effect against subsequent MCMV challenge. In vitro infection of adult CBA/J and C57BL/6J macrophages with virulent and attenuated MCMV resulted in productive infection in only a small percentage of cells and recovery of very little virus from the extracellular fluid. Infection of CBA macrophages was no less productive than C57BL/6J nor was infection with virulent virus more productive than with attenuated virus. Histological examination of the livers of MCMV-infected CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice suggested that divergent cellular immune responses to infection might account for differences in susceptibility. It is postulated that the macrophage may facilitate the inductive phase of cellular immunity, one possible explanation for its demonstrated importance in host defenses against MCMV.

Animals↗