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Biomedical subjects

J Musil

Publications and source records attributed to J Musil.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Pathogenesis of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)].

An inflammation in the bronchial wall is usually present already in an early stage of the disease. An inflammatory infiltration cause predominantly mononuclear cells in the mucous membrane and neutrophiles in the phlegm produced by airways. Also eosinophiles can participate in the inflammation. Lymphocytes distribution is different from asthma because there is mainly submucosa infiltrated in COPD. Metaplasia of goblet cells appears. Chronic bronchial obstruction characterizing COPD is induced by conjunction of small airways disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and a destruction of pulmonary parenchyma (emphysema) which both contribute to an impairment and differ form person to person. Chronic inflammation is a cause of remodeling and narrowing of small airways. Destruction of pulmonary parenchyma and the inflammation cause loss of alveolar connection with small airways and elastic pulmonary stress decreases. Two theories try to explain COPD--a theory of imbalance between proteinases and antiproteinases and a theory of oxidation stress.

Bronchi↗
PubMed2004

[Treatment principle of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation].

COPD is often accompanied with acute symptoms exacerbations. Patients in Ist stage: slide grade of COPD and IInd stage: middle grade of COPD suffer exacerbations accompanied with increased dyspnoea often together with increased cough and increased production of sputum. Patients in IIIrd stage (serious) and IVth stage (very serious) experience during exacerbations development of respiration insufficiency or its worsening and thus are usually treated in hospital. The most frequent causes of exacerbations are tracheobronchial tree infections and air pollution. The cause of approximately one third of serious exacerbations is not disclosed. Conditions which can resemble acute exacerbation are pneumonia, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax, pleural exudation, pulmonary embolism, and arrhythmia. Exacerbation treatment is symptomatic. Obstruction symptoms are treated with bronchodilatants and corticosteroids administration, hypoxemia with oxygen administration and signs of bacterial infection with antibiotics.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

[Lead systems in orthogonal electrocardiography].

The paper deals with evaluating quality of some orthogonal and pseudoorthogonal electrocardiographic lead systems as Frank lead system, signals derived from standard electrocardiographic leads by Levkov's transform and some signals of the standard 12 lead system that roughly fulfill condition of geometrical orthogonality. The signals of the lead systems were assessed by means of a mathematical criterion of two vector orthogonality which was originally proposed for purposes of electrocardiography and proved by Netusil. Experiments done with signals of the CSE database of short-time rest ECG records have revealed that the best ECG lead orthogonality has been found for signal sets of I-aVF-V2, and I-III-V2 leads, resp. Unfortunately nearly the worst results were obtained for the widely used Frank orthogonal lead system. It means that this lead system can lead (under some specific conditions) to missing diagnostically important information.

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed2000

[A simple stereotaxic surgical apparatus].

A simple apparatus based on the classical stereotactic method of surgery offers the opportunity to master miniinvasive procedures in neurosurgery and neurotraumatology. This device is particularly helpful in evacuation of intracerebral spontaneous and traumatic haematomas and in stereobiopsies, i.e. the most frequent operations in clinical practice, without the need of general anaesthesia, craniotomy and interference with cerebral tissue. The reliability of the stereotactic apparatus was positively evaluated by three independent surgeons. The apparatus was registered for use in the health services.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

[Is nebulized ipratropium bromide effective in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?].

The author administrated to 20 patients hospital on account of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease nebulized ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg on admission. Nebulized was repeated, using the same dose after 30 mins. The PEF value increased significantly after the first and second nebulization. After the two nebulizations dyspnoea was alleviated. The value of the respiration rate was significantly lower after both nebulizations as compared with the value before treatment. PaO2 increase significantly as compared with the value before treatment. PaO2 and the pulse rate did not change. An undesirable effect was recorded in one patient. Ipratropium bromide administration in effective and safe.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Acute effects of using a mobile phone on CNS functions.

Twenty volunteers participated in two experiments exploring the acute effects of using the mobile phone Motorola GSM 8700 on the functions of the CNS. When speaking (5 minutes reading a text from daily newspapers) the electromagnetic fields from the mobile apparatus did not affect the visual evoked potentials. Also a 6-min exposure did not reveal any effect of electromagnetic fields on the results in two tests (memory and attention) performed while speaking into the mobile. On the other hand the phone call itself strongly influenced the performance in a secondary task applying a test of switching attention which is a good model for driving a car. The response and decision speed were significantly worse. This is a proof that even a slight psychological stress involved in calling while driving can be a great risk.

Attention↗
PubMed1999

[The effect of ambulatory nutritional intervention using defined enteral nutrition on the nutritional status of selected adult patients with cystic fibrosis].

The prevalence of mild and serious nutritional disorders in patients with cystic fibrosis is high. One of the possible ways how to supplement the necessary nutrients is the administration of defined supplementary enteral nutrition. The objective of the presented work is to evaluate the effect of supplementary domiciliary enteral nutrition in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. To eight patients with cystic fibrosis, mean body weight 51.77 +/- 10.63 kg, mean age 24.7 +/- 1.9 years for a period of 6 +/- 1 months enteral nutrition was administered (containing 40 and 55.1% energy as fat) with a caloric density of 10 kcal/kg as supplementary domiciliary nutrition. The mean body weight increased from 51.77 +/- 10.63 to 53.13 +/- 10.59 kg (p < 0.02), the mean skinfold thickness increased from 7.98 +/- 6.04 to 8.65 +/- 6.30 mm (p < 0.05) and the mean serum albumin concentration increased from 33.66 +/- 0.97 to 37.29 +/- 3.33 g/l (p < 0.05). No undesirable side-effect associated with the administration of enteral nutrition were observed. The nutritional intervention by domiciliary enteral nutrition produced no undesirable side-effects and led to a statistically significant improvement of parameters of the nutritional status.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[What dosage is sufficient in combined inhalation therapy (fenoterol + ipratropium bromide) in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease?].

The authors compared in a prospective study the bronchodilatating and undesirable effects of combined inhalation treatment (phenoterol + ipratropium bromide) in the treatment of patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, using different dosages. The patients were divided at random into two groups--group one inhaled berodual sol 3.5 ml/day (i.e. 1.75 mg phenoteroli + 0.875 mg ipratropii bromidium), the second group had a dose of double size. During the trial the authors monitored the peak expiration rate, the heart and respiration rate, blood gases and the subjective state of dyspnoea, using a 10 cm line. By comparison of bronchodilatating and undesirable effects they reached the conclusion that a daily dose of 3.5 ml berodual sol. is sufficiently effective. Increasing the daily dose to 7 ml did not produce a greater therapeutic effect nor increase the risk of undesirable effects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

[Nutritional status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

The authors examined the nutritional status of 50 patients admitted on account of exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease. The mean height of patients was 168 +/- 8.8 cm, the body weight 72.2 +/- 16.2 kg, BMI 25.5 +/- 5.5 kg/m2. The mean albumin concentration was 33.1 +/- 4.6 g/l, transferrin 2.3 +/- 0.6 g/l, the skinfold thickness 17.3 +/- 9.9 mm, arm circumference 28.6 +/- 7.2 cm. The mean energy expenditure at rest (REE) was 122.1 +/- 12.3%. The total number of undernourished patients was 7 (14%), there were 27 obese patients (54%). The authors did not find a relationship between respiratory parameters and values of blood gases on the one hand and body weight, skinfold thickness, BMI, REE, arm circumference, albumin, transferrin and the number of lymphocytes on the other hand. This is obviously due to the fact that the group comprised more obese than undernourished patients. Obese and undernourished patients were found in all three stages of the disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Principles of monitoring patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

In patient treated on account of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the authors monitor the peak expiration frequency (PEF) or spirometry, blood gases, pulse and respiration rate, grade of dyspnoea, ECG, blood count, blood sugar level, serum lactate concentration theophyllinaemia. It is necessary also to make an X-ray examination of the chest and bacteriological examination of sputum. The authors describe the method of different examinations and the relationship of the monitored parameters to the pathophysiology of the disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

[10 years' of care of adult patients with cystic fibrosis].

The authors summarized the results of ten years care of adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). They treated a total of 45 patients incl. 26 men and 19 women. Nineteen patients (42%) died. The most frequent cause of admission to hospital was respiratory infection (84%), planned antibiotic treatment (6.5%), pneumothorax (6%) and haemoptysis (4%). In all patients impaired ventilation of the obstructive type was found. The mean annual decline of FEV1 was 0.173 +/- 0.194 l, VC 0.303 +/- 0.323 l. The authors did not find a significant difference between live and dead patients. The mean annual increase of PaCO2 was 0.5 +/- 0.87 kPa, the mean annual decrease of PaO2 was 0.6 +/- 0.96 kPa. The difference of values in dead and live patients was significant. CF still remains an incurable disease. It is, however, possible by comprehensive treatment to prolong the patients life and to improve its quality.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Cystic fibrosis--a serious disease affecting the nutritional status and energy requirements in adult patients].

At the Department for TB and Respiratory Diseases of the Faculty Hospital in Prague Motol at present half the patients with cystic fibrosis who in the Czech Republic reached adult age are being followed-up. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritional profile of these adult patients with cystic fibrosis. The authors examined 15 patients, mean age 22.9 +/- 3.2 years. The examination included assessment of height, body weight, skinfold thickness above the triceps, brachii, the energy output transferrin, blood gases. Functional examination of the lungs was made by the method of the flow-volume curve. The body mass index (BMI) was 18.04 +/- 4.17, albumin 32.75 +/- 4.57. The resting energy expenditure was 112.1 +/- 20.8% of the basal energy output calculated according to the Harris-Benedict formula. The mean value of pO2 was 8,081 +/- 1,145 kPa, pCO2 5,841 +/- 1,197 kPa. The results indicate malnutrition of the examined patients: in general the findings can be considered as a sign of severe protein-energy malnutrition. The baseline study confirmed the assumption of a high prevalence of nutritional disorders in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. The next essential step must be to ensure comprehensive and individualized nutritional intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Interleukin-6 and acute phase reactants in the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma].

In 115 women (healthy controls and patients with benign and malignant gynaecological tumors) interleukin-6 was determined in blood plasma with the aim to decide whether elevated IL-6 levels may be used as a marker of ovarian carcinoma. In spite of statistically significantly increased IL-6 levels the authors do not regard at present the IL-6 values as a useful marker of ovarian carcinoma for two reasons: first, until now it is not decided whether elevated IL-6 values originate only from the cells of epithelial ovarian carcinoma or if they are also produced by tumour-associated macrophages or both and second: in a large number of cases (both controls and patients with malignant tumors) no IL-6 levels in blood plasma could be detected. For these reasons it seems to be more convenient (even economically) to determine in suspected cases and after exclusion of any inflammatory process the levels of prealbumin and transferrin. Significantly decreased levels of both have a high value of primary sensitivity (66% and 87% resp.).

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1996

[Fundamentals of hospital treatment in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease].

Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Involves Administration of O2, beta 2 adrenergic, anticholinergic drugs, corticoids, theophylline, antibiotics, mucolytics and supported ventilation. The objective of oxygen treatment is to increase the oxygen saturation to a minimum of 90%, PaO2 = 8 kPa, without an increase of PaCO2 by more than 1.33 kPa or a reduction of the pH below 7.25. Beta 2 adrenergic substances are the most potent bronchodilatating agents. Inhalation of the preparation in solution is optimal. Neither the interval of administration nor the dosage are uniform. In Europe most frequently the following solutions are recommended: salbutamol (Ventolin) 0.5%-2.5 mg. This dose can be repeated, depending on tolerance, after 30-60 minutes, fenoterol (Berotec) 0.1%, most frequently an initial dose of 0.5-1.25 mg is used. In chronic obstructive lung disease inhalation of ipratropium in solution is preferred (Atrovent) 0.025%. American authors agreed on 0.5 mg after 4-8 hour intervals. A combination of adrenergic and cholinergic agents is useful as each drug acts by a different mechanism. The effect can potentiate while no undesirable effects develop. Views on corticoid administration in chronic obstructive lung disease differ. Some investigations did not prove a positive effect while others did. In the authors' department preference is given to the intravenous administration of 160 mg methylprednisolone divided into two doses per day. Intravenous administration of aminophylline is indicated if inhalation treatment is not effective enough or if inhalation treatment cannot be administered. Aminophylline is administered continually or intermittently in infusion, the dose for adults being 0.5-0.9 mg/kg/hour. Opinions on antibiotics differ. Some authors recommend them, others do not. The objective of antibiotic treatment is to shorten the duration of the exacerbation and to prevent deterioration in a patient with a minimal respiratory reserve. As to mucolytics, most frequently inhalatory forms of Bromhexine, Ambroxol, N-acetylcysteine and Mistabrone are used.

Hospitalization↗
PubMed1987

Biosensor for lactate determination in biological fluids. 2. Interference studies.

The selectivity of a yeast lactate biosensor with immobilized cells of aerobic yeast Hansenula anomala was studied. Reducing substances potentially present in blood plasma influenced both enzyme and yeast biosensors in the same way; the highest positive error was observed in the case of uric acid. With respect to the metabolic activity of the yeast cells the biosensor was absolutely specific for lactate during the first two weeks; later on the biosensor responded slightly to some other metabolites, especially some sugars and amino acids. Glucose could cause the highest degree of interference, its effect was however completely eliminated by adding sodium fluoride to the reaction solution. The concentration of other metabolites present in blood plasma is not great enough to call a significant positive error. The results thus support the general use of the yeast lactate biosensor for lactate determination in biological material.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Biosensor for lactate determination in biological fluids. I. Construction and properties of the biosensor.

The preparation of a biosensor for lactate determination is described. The biosensor is based on an immobilized suspension of the aerobic yeast Hansenula anomala, containing flavocytochrome b2 in high activity. The conditions for yeast cultivation were optimized to gain a sufficiently high activity of this enzyme converting lactate in the cells. The properties of the biosensor are compared with those of a sensor based on immobilized enzyme flavocytochrome b2. The yeast lactate biosensor has a sufficient sensitivity and linearity and short time of response. The precision and accuracy of lactate determination as well as the results of comparisons using an enzyme electrode and the spectrophotometric UV-test, enables this biosensor to be used in routine work. Analysis can be performed in blood plasma or whole blood. The stability of the biosensor makes it possible to work for 4 weeks with one yeast cell pellet.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of thymostimulin on chemotherapy-induced changes in lymphocyte subset distribution. A longitudinal study in patients with primary inoperable oropharyngeal cancers].

20 patients with primarily inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with 2 cycles of chemotherapy prior to surgical treatment. The lymphocyte subsets were determined prior to chemotherapy, as well as directly after and 3 weeks after start of each chemotherapy cycle. For this, 2 different flow cytometric techniques were used in parallel. After the second cycle of chemotherapy 10 patients were additionally treated with thymostimulin for 2 weeks. The remaining ten patients received no additional immunotherapy and served as control group. Three patients (one in the control group and two in the verum group) had to be excluded from the study because the immunological examination could not be performed in accordance with the protocol. In addition another patient had a local skin reaction so that thymostimulin therapy could not be started as allergy to bovine proteins was suspected. Prior to the first chemotherapy treatment, there is no detectable defect in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets. Under chemotherapy treatment the absolute number of Pan-T cells, T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells and Leu-10 positive B-cells decreased. In contrast, additional treatment with thymostimulin directly after the chemotherapeutic regimen resulted in a marked increase of all T-lymphocytes as well as the Leu-10-positive cells. The results measured with two different flow cytometric techniques were comparable.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗