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J W Bailey

Publications and source records attributed to J W Bailey.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The quantitative buffy coat for the diagnosis of trypanosomes.

The use of quantitative buffy coat (QBC) tubes developed for malaria diagnosis is described in the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. One hundred and thirty-four patients with Trypanosoma gambiense were examined using QBC plus either haematocrit (HCT) or mini anion exchange centrifugation (MAEC) or both. QBC was the only method that detected all 134 patients. QBC proved to be the most sensitive diagnostic test for the detection of trypanosomes in blood. It is simple to use, gives fast results and would be a useful test at the district hospital level.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of parenteral administration of short-chain triglycerides on leucine metabolism.

The present studies investigated the effects of intravenous administration of the short-chain triglyceride triacetin on leucine metabolism in dogs. Animals received infusions of triacetin at 1.0 x estimated resting energy expenditure (REE), hyperenergetic triacetin at 1.5 x REE, glycerol, or saline during infusion of [1-14C]leucine. During both triacetin infusions, plasma alpha-ketoisocaproate concentrations increased (P < 0.05). During triacetin infusion at 1.5 REE, the plasma leucine concentration decreased (P < 0.05) and leucine rate of appearance decreased by approximately 19% (P < 0.05); this was significantly greater than the changes that occurred during triacetin at 1.0 x REE and glycerol (P < 0.05). There was no difference in leucine oxidation between the dogs given triacetin at 1.0 x REE and control groups, whereas leucine oxidation decreased by 53% during triacetin infusion at 1.5 x REE (P < 0.05). Nonoxidative leucine disappearance, an indicator of protein synthesis, did not change in any of the studies. These results indicate that triacetin has effects on leucine metabolism similar to those previously reported with long-chain triglyceride emulsions. Because of its water solubility, lack of toxicity, and favorable effects on protein metabolism, further studies are warranted regarding the use of triacetin as a parenteral nutrient.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Serum IgG reactivity with 41-, 31-, and 28-kDa larval proteins of Strongyloides stercoralis in individuals with strongyloidiasis.

Proteins from a deoxycholate-soluble extract of Strongyloides stercoralis infective larvae were separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted onto nitrocellulose paper, and reacted with sera from individuals with confirmed S. stercoralis infections (n = 100), suspected S. stercoralis infections in whom no larvae could be detected (n = 27), and other nematode infections (40 with Wuchereria bancrofti, 20 with Onchocerca volvulus, 20 with Necator americanus, and 20 with mixed Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections). Immunodominant proteins of approximately 41, 31, and 28 kDa were recognized by IgG in 91%, 88%, and 90%, respectively, of sera from those with confirmed strongyloidiasis; in 100%, 100%, and 93% of sera from those with suspected strongyloidiasis; and in 9%, 12%, and 14% of sera from those infected with other nematodes. IgG reactivity to each of these proteins was a more specific means of immunodiagnosis than the currently used indirect ELISA; the methods were equally sensitive.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Age-related changes in rat adipose tissue cellularity are altered by dietary restriction and exercise.

This study examined the effects of diet restriction and exercise training during aging on adipocyte size and number in male Wistar rats. An average of 30 weanling rats each were assigned to one of four experimental groups: ad libitum access to food, nonexercised; diet restricted, nonexercised; ad libitum access to food, exercised; diet restricted, exercised. Diet-restricted groups were allowed free access to food every other day, and, over the course of the study, they consumed 18-25% less than the groups allowed ad libitum access. Exercise training consisted of swimming on alternate days for up to 3 h per exercise period. Fat cell size, number and fat depot mass were determined in the inguinal, epididymal and perirenal fat depots at 12 mo of age and every 4 mo thereafter until 28 mo of age. Fat cell number was not influenced by age, exercise or food restriction in the epididymal or perirenal fat depots. Inguinal cell number was lower (P < 0.05) in the diet-restricted, exercised group at all ages compared with all other treatments. Dietary restriction and exercise training significantly decreased fat depot mass and fat cell size, with dietary restriction having the greatest effect. A bimodal distribution of adipocytes was observed in the epididymal, perirenal and inguinal depots of animals allowed ad libitum access to food. The presence of a large population of small fat cells (< 35 microns) indicated that even in the very aged animal there was the propensity for large variations in fat pad mass. The influence of diet restriction, exercise and aging on adipocyte cell size was highly variable and these effects were dependent on adipose tissue depot location.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Albendazole is effective treatment for chronic strongyloidiasis.

A total of 301 British ex-Far East prisoners of war, many of whom worked on the Thai-Burma Railway during World War II, consecutively attended The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine for clinical review between January 1987 and August 1990. Fifty-two (17%) were found to have chronic strongyloidiasis. Diagnostic criteria included any of the following: characteristic larva currens rash, positive Strongyloides serology, and positive stool examination. Forty-seven were evaluable 6 months, after therapy with albendazole 400 mg twice daily for 3 days, which resulted in a 75% cure rate. Cure was defined as disappearance of the rash, if present, negative serology and negative stool examination. Patients who had more than one positive diagnostic feature were only considered cured if both or all had disappeared or become negative. All 12 of the patients in whom initial treatment failed were given a second course of albendazole: three further cures were obtained in eight evaluable patients. The overall cure rate was 81%. The only side-effects recorded were mild nausea and diarrhoea in one patient. We suggest that albendazole should be the treatment of choice for chronic strongyloidiasis.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Parenteral nutrition with short- and long-chain triglycerides: triacetin reduces atrophy of small and large bowel mucosa and improves protein metabolism in burned rats.

The effect of total parenteral nutrition with combinations of long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) and triacetin, the water-soluble triglyceride of acetate, on structural components of the gastrointestinal tract and protein metabolism was assessed in burned (30% body surface area) rats. Rats received isovolemic, isocaloric, and isonitrogenous diets that delivered 672 kJ.kg-1.d-1 (160 kcal.kg-1.d-1), 9.6 g amino acids.kg-1.d-1, and 30% nonprotein calories as 90% triacetin/10% LCTs, 50% triacetin/50% LCTs, or 100% LCTs for 7 d. Daily and cumulative nitrogen balances and whole-body leucine kinetics and fractional protein synthetic rates in rectus muscle and liver were determined on the last day of nutrition. DNA, protein, and total weight were determined in mucosal scrapings from segments of jejunum and colon. Plasma acetate concentrations were substantially higher in both triacetin groups. Parenteral nutrition with 50% triacetin and 50% LCTs promoted a positive nitrogen balance similar to that of 100% LCTs, increased protein in rectus muscle and liver, smaller and more numerous mucosal cells in jejunum and colon, and increased colonic mucosal weight compared with the other groups. Triacetin did not appreciably affect whole-body and tissue leucine kinetics. The equicaloric provision of triacetin and LCTs improved protein utilization and structural components of the small and large bowel and reduced the development of intestinal mucosal atrophy associated with conventional parenteral nutrition in burn injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Total parenteral nutrition with short- and long-chain triglycerides: triacetin improves nitrogen balance in rats.

Little is known about the long-term metabolic effects of parenteral administration of short-chain triglycerides. These studies were undertaken to investigate triacetin, the water-soluble triglyceride of acetate when it is incorporated into nutritionally balanced total parenteral nutrition formulas. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 22) were fed an isovolemic, isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet for 7 d. The lipid energy represented 30% of the nonprotein energy with short-chain triglycerides representing 0, 50 or 90% of the lipid energy. Plasma acetate concentration was determined as well as indicators of protein metabolism: daily and cumulative nitrogen balance, whole body leucine kinetics and rectus muscle and liver fractional protein synthetic rates. No overt toxic effects were observed at any point during the study. As the proportion of short-chain triglycerides in the diet increased from 0 to 50 or 90% of the lipid energy, cumulative nitrogen balance increased 50 or 120%, respectively (P less than 0.05). Whole-body and tissue leucine kinetics (determined during the last 2.5 h of the 7-d study) were unaffected by the lipid composition of the diet. Plasma acetate concentration was not significantly different among groups. These results indicate that incorporation of the short-chain triglyceride, triacetin, in nutritionally balanced total parenteral nutrition formulas improves nitrogen balance with no overt toxic effects. These data indicate that triacetin may have a future role as a parenteral nutrient, and that further studies of its use are warranted.

Acetates↗
PubMed1991

Effects of intravenous methyl palmoxirate on the turnover and oxidation of fatty acids in conscious dogs.

Methyl palmoxirate (MP) is a member of a class of hypoglycemic agents that inhibit fatty acid oxidation in vitro. The studies presented here were undertaken to determine the effects of intravenous (IV) MP on tracer-determined rates of fatty acid oxidation and systemic adipose tissue lipolysis in dogs. MP (40 mg/kg) was administered IV to five mongrel dogs using a primed continuous infusion of [1-14C]palmitate to determine palmitate kinetics. Palmitate concentration and rate of appearance decreased rapidly (from 155 +/- 25 to 47 +/- 6 mumol/L and 2.9 +/- 0.5 to 0.9 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1, respectively, at 15 minutes, both P less than .05). Palmitate oxidation also decreased, from 1.5 +/- 0.4 to 0.3 +/- 0.1 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than .05. Oxidative clearance decreased by approximately 50% 90 minutes after MP administration (P less than .05). Fractional oxidation of palmitate also decreased by approximately 40% (P less than .05). Plasma insulin increased from 45 +/- 6 to 240 +/- 93 pmol/L at 15 minutes (P less than .05). Plasma glucose decreased over the course of study by approximately 20% (P less than .05). In summary, MP has a specific inhibitory effect on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation in dogs, confirming previous in vitro observations in an in vivo model. In addition, it has a potent antilipolytic effect when administered IV, an effect likely mediated by stimulation of insulin secretion. The observation that systemic FFA oxidation was only partially suppressed at this relatively high dose of MP is consistent with previous studies suggesting that MP may exert its major effect in the liver, and may be less potent in extrahepatic tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The effect of triiodothyronine on glucose utilization in adipocytes from obese rats.

1. In the presence of insulin, 10(-5) M 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) treatment for 1/2 hr decreased fatty acid synthesis 35% only in adipocytes from lean rats, whereas at 10(-11) M through 10(-7) M T3 the obese adipocytes had nearly a 20% increase in fatty acid synthesis. 2. A 2 hr pretreatment of adipocytes with 10(-9) and 10(-7) M T3 decreased insulin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis by nearly 20% in both lean and obese adipocytes. 3. In the absence of insulin, the 2 hr pretreatment with 10(-9) M T3 resulted in a 45% increase in lean adipocyte fatty acid synthesis, though the obese adipocytes required at least 10(-7) M T3 for 2 hr to increase the non-insulin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis by 50%. 4. At 10(-9) M T3 concentrations non-insulin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis was increased by 200% in lean adipose tissue explants, but obese adipose explants were not significantly affected under these conditions. 5. The addition of 10(-9) M T3 plus insulin to the explant media decreased fatty acid synthesis by 35% in both the lean and obese tissues. 6. The results also imply that the low T3 status of the obese rat may be contributory to the elevated fatty acid synthesis observed in obese adipocytes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Metabolism of ketone bodies by skeletal muscle in starvation and uncontrolled diabetes.

Previous studies have suggested that skeletal muscle may be responsible for as much as 25% of ketone body (KB) production in poorly controlled diabetes. In the present studies, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate production was quantitated in the canine hindlimb from surgically placed arterial and venous catheters in conscious insulin-withdrawn diabetic (n = 5) and 4-day fasted (n = 7) dogs. A two-pool modeling technique, using simultaneous infusions of 13C acetoacetate and 14C beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta OHB) was employed to quantitate total body and hindlimb KB kinetics. Total KB production was 9.4 and 39.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the fasted and diabetic animals, respectively. Hindlimb KB production was negligible in both groups. The two-pool model estimates of hindlimb KB utilization were similar to the values obtained by an arterial-venous difference calculation. In conclusion, the hindlimb does not contribute to de novo synthesis of KBs in either fasted or diabetic dogs. Since species differences in KB metabolism occur, it is possible that muscle may be a site for KB production in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Validation of two-pool model for in vivo ketone body kinetics.

Previous studies have indicated that simultaneous infusions of two ketone body tracers ([13C]acetoacetate and [14C]beta-hydroxybutyrate) provide accurate estimates of exogenous ketone body inflow when an open two-pool model is employed. In the present studies, net hepatic ketone body production was determined from surgically placed arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous catheters in conscious diabetic (n = 6) and 4-day fasted (n = 7) dogs. [13C]acetoacetate and [14C]beta-hydroxybutyrate were infused simultaneously, and ketone body production was calculated from either acetoacetate (AcAc) single-isotope data, beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) single-isotope data, the sum of individual fluxes, or the two-pool model. In fasted animals, both the AcAc single-isotope calculation and the sum of individual fluxes overestimated net hepatic production by approximately 50% (P less than 0.05), whereas the beta-OHB single-isotope calculation and the two-pool model gave accurate estimates. In the diabetic animals, the beta-OHB single-isotope calculation underestimated net hepatic production by approximately 30% (P less than 0.05). The sum of individual fluxes overestimated net hepatic production by approximately 46% (P less than 0.05), whereas both the AcAc single-isotope calculation and the two-pool model gave accurate estimates. In conclusion, single-isotope methods give erroneous estimates of net hepatic production of ketone bodies. In contrast, a two-pool model provided an accurate estimate of net hepatic production and thus appears to be suitable for determination of ketone body kinetics in humans.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1989

A serological test for the diagnosis of Strongyloides antibodies in ex Far East Prisoners of War.

This paper gives the results of an ELISA test for Strongyloides stercoralis antibodies in a group of 436 ex Far East Prisoners of War (FEPOWs). Antigen was obtained from third-stage larvae of Strongyloides cebus. Sensitivity of the test is 97%, with a specificity of 99%. The test is being investigated further as regards cross-reactions with other helminths, but initial results look promising.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Eosinophilia as a marker for chronic strongyloidiasis--use of a serum ELISA test to detect asymptomatic cases.

In a previously published survey of 602 former Far East prisoners of the 2nd World War (FEPOWs), 88 (15%) were found to have Strongyloides stercoralis infections. A further 25 (4.2%) had significant blood eosinophilia for no obvious parasitological or other medical cause. We have reinvestigated this latter group several years (range nine to 19 years) later, using a recently developed serum ELISA test as well as other standard parasitological procedures. Of the 11 who were still alive and traceable five (45%) were diagnosed as having strongyloidiasis. Eosinophilia in high risk groups such as former FEPOWs is very suggestive of Strongyloides infections. The serum ELISA test appears to be a useful, sensitive and specific screening test for this diagnostically difficult infection.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Immunodiagnostic tests on cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.

Fourteen cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from Rhodesian sleeping sickness patients from the Lambwe Valley at relapse were positive for the presence of anti-trypanosomal antibody by both IFAT and ELISA. The mean optical density (o.d.) in the ELISA test was 0.804 +/- 0.362 and ranged from 0.258 to 1.363. CSF from five patients from the same area without evidence of meningoencephalitis were all negative by ELISA (mean o.d. 0.023 +/- 0.016, range 0.011-0.051). Control CSF samples from U.K. patients without Rhodesian sleeping sickness but with elevated levels of CSF total protein were also negative. Antibody detected by ELISA declined after Mel-B treatment of relapse and most samples had returned to negative within two years of treatment. We present evidence that serological evaluation of the CSF by ELISA and/or IFAT can provide supportive evidence of the trypanosomal origin of the infection. This is especially important at the time of relapse, when parasitological diagnosis may be impossible and records of treatment for the primary infection may not be available.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism in dogs given intravenous triacetin.

Previous studies suggested that acetate in parenteral solutions may adversely affect mineral metabolism by causing sequestration of inorganic phosphate and calcium in the liver. In this study, triacetin, a short-chain triglyceride of acetate and a potential parenteral nutrient, was infused for 3 h at an isocaloric rate in mongrel dogs (n = 6) to test its effects on serum phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium metabolism. There was no change in serum P or Ca. The serum Mg concentration decreased from 0.7 +/- 0.03 to 0.57 +/- 0.03 mmol/L (p less than 0.001) by 90 min and remained at this level for the remainder of the study. The triacetin infusion did not influence fractional urinary Mg excretion; thus, the decrease in serum Mg was likely because of an increase in cellular transport of this cation. A short-chain triglyceride administered to dogs at a rate approximating resting energy expenditure has no demonstrable adverse effects on mineral metabolism.

Acetates↗