Biomedical subjects

K Inokuma

Publications and source records attributed to K Inokuma.

22 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1981

[A study on cefmetazole in the neonatal period (author's transl)].

The authors studied the antibacterial activity, absorption and excretion, and clinical use of cefmetazole in neonatal period, and obtained the following results. 1. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefmetazole (CMZ) were measured, to compare with those of cefazolin (CEZ), for clinical isolates of S. aureus (31 strains), E. coli (29 strains) and K. pneumoniae (30 strains). On a cumulative percentage basis, 77% of S. aureus, 76% of E. coli and 90% of K. pneumoniae were inhibited by less than or equal to 3.13 microgram/ml of CMZ with a higher inoculum size. When compared with CEZ, MICs of CMZ were found to be superior or equal against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and some of S. aureus, but to be inferior against most of S. aureus. Most of strains which were resistant to CEZ were most sensitive to CMZ. These results suggest that CMZ is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria and is stable to beta-lactamase. 2. The serum concentration was measured in 7 neonates (5 approximately equal to 25 day-old) and 5 infants (1 approximately 3 month-old) after a single intravenous administration of 20 approximately 25 mg/kg of CMZ. The mean concentration in neonates was 68.3 microgram/ml at 1/2 hour postinjection, 57.0 microgram/ml at 1 hour, 35.4 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 18.1 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 18.1 microgram/ml at 4 hours and 9.5 microgram/ml at 6 hours. The mean half-life was 2.04 hours. The peak concentration of each neonate seemed to be related more to individual variation than to the days after birth. The mean concentration in infants was 60.7 microgram/ml at 1/2 hour, 42.8 microgram/ml at 1 hour, 22.2 microgram ml at 2 hours, 9.2 microgram/ml at 4 hours and 3.2 microgram/ml at 6 hours. The mean half-life was 1.31 hours. There was little difference in the mean peak concentration between neonates and infants, but the mean concentration after that were higher in neonates than infants. It was apparent that the half-life tends to be shortened in proportion to advanced age in days and months. 3. CMZ was administered clinically in 3 cases of acute bronchopneumonia. Its clinical effect was excellent or good in all of the cases. No adverse reaction or abnormal laboratory values were found.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1981

[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefoxitin in pediatric field (author's transl)].

Studies on antimicrobial activity, absorption and excretion and clinical use of cefoxitin in pediatric field were performed. 1. MIC of cefoxitin was compared with that of cefazolin and/or ampicillin for clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (36 strains), Escherichia coli (35 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (34 strains) and Haemophilus influenzae (80 strains). MIC of cefoxitin against S. aureus was approximately 1-2 tubes higher than that of cefazolin. Many strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae that showed high MIC to cefazolin were sensitive to cefoxitin. It is presumed that the results are due to the strong resistance of cefoxitin to beta-lactamase degradation. MIC of cefoxitin against H. influenzae was approximately 1-2 tubes lower than that of cefazolin, but approximately 4 tubes higher than that of ampicillin. 2. Serum level and urinary recovery rate of cefoxitin after one shot i.v. injection of 25 mg/kg were examined. The serum mean levels were 33.8 microgram/ml at 1/2 hour, 7.0 microgram/ml at 1 hour and 2.9 microgram/ml at 2 hours after the injection, respectively, and the drug was not detected in serum at 4 and 6 hours after the injection. The mean half-life of serum level was 27.1 minutes. The mean urinary recovery rate within 6 hours after injection was 96.0% and most of the drug were excreted into urine within 2 hours after the injection. 3. In order to evaluate clinical response, bacteriological response and side effects, cefoxitin was applied to 19 cases, i.e., 12 cases of either acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, 2 cases of acute pyelitis, 1 case each of acute bronchitis, acute purulent tonsillitis, acute purulent arthritis, acute orbital phlegmon and acute buccal abscess. As for clinical response, the overall efficacy rate (the percentage of cases showed excellent and good efficacy) was 88.9%. As for bacteriological response, among the 13 strains which were determined or supposed to be causative organisms, i.e., 6 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 strains of H. influenzae and 1 strain each of streptococcus pyogenes, alpha-Streptococcus, Enterococcus, E. coli and Neisseria sp., all strains were disappeared except for Enterococcus which was reduced by the treatment with cefoxitin. No side effect was observed in any case. Abnormalities of laboratory findings were observed in 3 cases, i.e., 1 case each of reduction of RBC and Hb, elevation of GOT and GPT and elevation of GPT, but all of them returned to normal following completion of the dosage term.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

[Evaluation of cefroxadine in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)].

Basic and clinical evaluations of a new oral cephalosporin cefroxadine (CXD) in pediatric fields were investigated, and the following results were obtained. 1. MICs of CXD against various bacteria were compared with those of cephalexin (CEX). MIC peaks of CXD against clinically isolated S. aureus (22 strains), S. pyogenes (25), S. pneumoniae (8), H. influenzae (23), and E. coli (23) in pediatric fields, were 1.56, 0.2, 1.56, 25 approximately 50 and 6 .25 microgram/ml, respectively in the inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml, and they were 1.56, less than 0.1, 0.78, 25 and 6.25 microgram/ml respectively in the inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. In comparison with CEX, MIC peaks of CXD against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae and E. coli were almost the same with those of the former, it was, however, better by 1 approximately 2 tubes than that of CEX against S. pneumoniae. 2. CXD in the form of dry syrup was administered orally at a dose of either 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg to 5 children, and the serum levels and the urinary excretion were evaluated. In the case of 3 children who were administered a dose of 10 mg/kg the mean serum levels were 11.9 microgram/ml after 30 minutes, 13.7 microgram/ml after 1 hour, 4.7 microgram/ml after 2 hours, 0.7 microgram/ml after 4 hours, and 0.3 microgram/ml after 6 hours, while those 2 children who were administered a dose of 20 mg/kg, they were 15.1, 28.5, 12.5, 2.0 and 0.9 microgram/ml respectively. The mean periods of half-life in serum were 0.87 hour in the case of 10 mg/kg and 0.94 hour in the case of 20 mg/kg. The mean excretion rates were 83.8% in the case of 10 mg/kg and 59.8% in the case 20 mg/kg. 3. CXD dry syrup was administered to 31 children with various bacterial infections i.e. acute pharyngitis (15 cases), acute purulent tonsillitis (10 cases), acute bronchitis (4 cases) and 1 case each of acute pyelonephritis and acute purulent cervical lymphadenitis, and the clinical and bacteriological responses and side effect were investigated. The clinical response was either excellent or good in all of the cases. Out of the S. pyogenes (20 strains), S. aureus (1), S. pneumoniae (2), E. coli (1) and H. influenzae (1), bacteriological eradication was observed in all strains with the exception of 1 strain each in S. pyogenes and H. influenzae in which reduction was observed. No side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were observed.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1980

[Laboratory and clinical studies of cefoperazone in children (author's transl)].

Experimental and clinical studies on cefoperazone (CPZ), a new synthetic cephalosporin, were performed in the field of pediatrics. 1) The MICs of CPZ against 26 strains of S. aureus, 21 strains of E. coli, 20 strains of K. pneumoniae and 15 strains of H. influenzae which were clinically isolated were estimated and compared with those of CEZ and ABPC. Some strains were found to be high in the MIC of CPZ against S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae by original inoculation but 88% of S. aureus, 95% of E. coli, 95% of K. pneumoniae and 100% of H. influenzae were under 6.25 mcg/ml by 100 times dilution inoculation. The MIC of CPZ against S. aureus was inferior to CEZ and superior to ABPC, and that against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and H. influenzae was superior to CEZ and ABPC. 2) The serum concentration, urinary concentration and recovery rate from urine were measured in two healthy infants and one infant in the stage of convalescence from cholangiohepatitis after a single intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of CPZ. The mean serum concentration in the two healthy infants was 88.0 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 63.0 at 1 hour, 31.4 at 2 hours, 12.2 at 4 hours and 4.2 at 6 hours; the half-life was 1.29 hours, and the recovery rate from urine was 14.5%. 3) The clinical effect of CPZ was examined in 16 cases of acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, 1 case of acute bronchitis and 4 cases of acute urinary tract infections. All of the cases responded effectively or markedly effectively. Among the causative bacteria in those cases, 2 strains of S. pneumoniae, 1 strain of S. faecalis, 1 strain of H. influenzae and 2 strains of E. coli and 1 strain of K. pneumoniae disappeared following the administration of CPZ. The bacteriological effect against 1 strain of P. aeruginosa was unknown, but clinical effectiveness was observed in this case. No clinical side effects were observed. Laboratory examination carried out before and after the administration revealed a rise of GOT and eosinophilia in each one case, but in both abnormality returned to normal after termination of therapy.

Age Factors↗