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Biomedical subjects

K L Kuttler

Publications and source records attributed to K L Kuttler.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

The effect of music in the postanesthesia care unit on pain levels in women who have had abdominal hysterectomies.

Management of pain in the immediate postoperative period is a major concern of postanesthesia nurses. Music is a nursing intervention with the potential to decrease patient perception of pain in the PACU. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the use of music on the level of patient pain in the immediate postoperative period. A quasi-experimental study design was used with three study groups. All patients scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomies using a general anesthesia technique were eligible for participation in the study. The setting is a PACU in a community hospital in a suburban area. Subjects were asked to rate their pain level every 15 minutes while in the PACU using two valid and reliable measures, a verbal pain rating scale and a graphic numeric pain intensity scale. Repeated measures of analysis of variance showed no differences in level of pain between groups or over time.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in N'Dama cattle of the Gambia.

Sera from 184 N'Dama cattle randomly selected and averaging 2-7 years of age were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, using one or more serological tests including complement fixation, rapid card agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA). Tests for A. marginale and B. bovis were essentially negative. Utilising the IFA test 65% of the sera tested were positive for B. bigemina. Three randomly selected two-year-old N'Dama bulls were splenectomised. All three showed an acute recurrence of a B. bigemina parasitaemia. Two died following typical signs of acute babesiosis and a third recovered following diminazene therapy. No evidence of either B. bovis or A. marginale recrudescence was observed in the single surviving bull. Babesia bigemina appears endemic in the N'Dama cattle of The Gambia but no confirmed serological or clinical evidence of B. bovis or A. marginale was observed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Characteristics of an attenuated Anaplasma marginale of deer origin as an anaplasmosis vaccine.

A fully virulent field Anaplasma marginale isolate, passaged to a splenectomised white tailed deer, lost virulence for cattle after 18 months in the non-bovine host. This attenuated A. marginale produced a mild response in four 18-month-old Holstein steers characterised by an average 2.4% parasitaemia, a 13% drop in PCV and a positive serological response. All vaccinated steers were immune to challenge with a fully virulent, heterologous A. marginale when compared with non-vaccinated controls.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1988

The pathogenicity and immunologic relationship of a virulent and a tissue-culture-adapted Babesia bovis.

Babesia bovis grown in tissue culture was used to inoculate 12, 2-year-old Holstein steers. All 12 developed serological evidence of infection but only six had a febrile response of greater than or equal to 40 degrees C, and only one had a demonstrable B. bovis parasitemia. An average modest drop of 19% was observed in packed cell volume (PCV) during the period of reaction. All 12 steers were subsequently challenged with virulent B. bovis: seven on day 78 post inoculation (p.i.), two on day 106 p.i., and three on day 251 p.i. No demonstrable clinical response was observed in any of the 12 steers previously exposed to the tissue-culture organism, whereas severe signs of babesiosis occurred in seven 2-year-old, non-vaccinated control steers given a comparably virulent B. bovis challenge. All seven controls showed a febrile response, B. bovis parasitemias, with an average drop of 55% in PCV and a 28% mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serologic response of Babesia equi-infected horses as measured by complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Both the complement-fixation test (CFT) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were conducted on weekly serum samples from nine Arab geldings for 28 days before and 256 days after their exposure to Babesia equi of European origin. On an average the IFAT became positive 8 days before the CFT and showed higher relative serum titer increases. Both test procedures successfully detected infection and neither showed an appreciable drop in titer during this time frame, with the exception of the CFT, which showed a transient drop immediately following treatment with imidocarb. A test conducted 540 days after infection showed four of the eight surviving, and presumably infected, horses to be negative on CFT, where as all eight were still positive on IFAT. Comparisons made with the IFAT, on horse sera from B. equi infection of both European and North American origin, utilizing homologous and heterologous antigens, showed significantly higher titers with homologous antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Attenuation of Babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation.

A virulent strain of Babesia bovis was adapted to grow in erythrocyte culture in the presence of equine serum and in lieu of bovine serum. Four splenectomized calves inoculated with the adapted strain, 429, developed hematologic signs of infection and a low grade fever, but remained free of central nervous system (CNS) signs and recovered. All of six control animals inoculated with a virulent strain reacted severely and five showed CNS signs and died. The calves injected with the attenuated strain were solidly immune when challenged with the virulent strain at 44 or 78 days after vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Experimental infections of Babesia bigemina in American bison.

Babesia bigemina was experimentally transmitted from cattle to bison and back to cattle. One spleen-intact and two splenectomized American bison (Bison bison) inoculated with a B. bigemina stabilate exhibited clinical and hematological signs of babesiosis within 10 days of exposure. Blood from the infected bison produced disease in a splenectomized bovine steer.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Imidocarb and parvaquone in the treatment of piroplasmosis (Babesia equi) in equids.

The therapeutic efficacies of imidocarb and parvaquone were tested against Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and for induced acute infections in splenectomized ponies. Imidocarb, at a dosage of 4 mg/kg of body weight, given IM at 72-hour intervals 4 times, was ineffective in eliminating B equi-carrier infection in 9 mature geldings. A single IM administration of 4 mg/kg was not therapeutic in acutely infected splenectomized ponies. When given at 3 different dosages and treatment schedules, parvaquone was ineffective in clearing carrier infection. Parvaquone given IM once at a dosage of 20 mg/kg was effective for acute B equi infections in splenectomized ponies; parasitemia began to decrease within 24 hours after treatment. Infections were not eliminated however, and within 4 weeks, secondary parasitemia and anemia developed. Of 4 ponies, 3 died of acute piroplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Dynamics of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomised calves treated with either imidocarb or oxytetracycline.

Neither imidocarb dipropionate (at 5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly once or twice at a seven-day interval) nor oxytetracycline hydrochloride (at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly once or twice at a seven-day interval) given to animals in the prepatent period of anaplasmosis, prevented the eventual onset of infection. Both compounds delayed the onset of detectable parasitaemia but this action was more noticeable with oxytetracycline. Oxytetracycline given twice significantly reduced the severity of the primary infection but the secondary infection was more severe. Neither compound showed prophylactic properties even though both are effective in extending the prepatent period and, in the case of oxytetracycline, reducing the severity of infection.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1986

Anaplasma marginale, Eperythrozoon wenyoni: lectin reactions with bovine erythrocytes.

Normal bovine erythrocytes were agglutinated with four of five lectins specific for different oligosaccharides. The order of reactivity was wheat germ greater than ricin greater than soybean greater than peanut. Concanavalin A did not agglutinate normal bovine erythrocytes. After neuraminidase treatment of normal bovine erythrocytes, each lectin agglutinated the cells with decreased concentrations of lectin, verifying that partial removal of sialic acid exposes more of each lectin's binding sites or alters the binding site such that fewer molecules of lectin are required to initiate agglutination. A change in agglutination of erythrocytes using soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin occurred when cells were obtained from cattle infected with Eperythrozoon wenyoni. The results suggested that an alteration in erythrocyte membranes occurred as a result of this infection as manifested by the increased recognition of both the soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin receptor carbohydrates. A similar effect was indicated with erythrocytes obtained during an acute Anaplasma marginale infection; however, an ensuing reticulocytosis masked the effect, requiring the use of fluoresceinated lectins to verify that increased binding of each lectin occurred with infected cells when compared to normal cells.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of a cloned Babesia bovis organism as a live immunogen.

A Babesia bovis isolate was cloned by in vitro cultivation and compared to the original cultured isolate for pathogenicity by animal inoculation. Four yearling heifers were inoculated with cloned material and 4 with the original culture. The four animals which received the cloned Babesia showed comparatively minor hematologic changes and no clinical signs. One animal died in the group that received uncloned Babesia and the mean temperature increase and mean reduction in packed cell volume (PCV) was greater in that group. The four animals receiving the cloned material were challenged 100 days following initial inoculation. All of the animals were totally immune with no significant change in temperature or decrease in PCV, whereas control (previously non-inoculated) animals developed significant (P less than 0.001) increases in temperature and severe anemia. The cloned organism appears to be a candidate live immunogen for use in endemic areas to induce protection against bovine babesiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Chemoprophylactic activity of imidocarb, diminazene and oxytetracycline against Babesia bovis and B. bigemina.

Splenectomized calves treated with imidocarb, diminazene, and oxytetracycline were exposed to Babesia bigemina and B. bovis stabilates at various time intervals following treatment to evaluate prophylactic efficacy. Diminazene showed no residual activity against a B. bigemina challenge given 54 days after treatment. Oxytetracycline appeared responsible for an increased incubation time when given 2 days prior to B. bigemina exposure. Imidocarb showed marked prophylactic efficacy against both B. bigemina and B. bovis. Treatment with 1 or 2 mg kg-1 imidocarb, followed by Babesia exposure on the day of treatment, 7 days after treatment, then every 14 days for 91 days, delayed patent B. bigemina infections for 49 days and patent B. bovis infections for 42 days. Imidocarb at 4 or 5 mg kg-1, followed by similar Babesia exposures, delayed patent B. bovis infections for 68 days, and delayed B. bigemina for 81-103 days, and in some instances prevented infections. The delayed onset of infection due to either B. bigemina or B. bovis, following imidocarb treatment was accompanied by a significantly milder clinical response. Calves not responding to the primary challenge were fully susceptible to stabilate challenge 196 days after treatment. Calves experiencing a mild clinical response to B. bovis following imidocarb treatment and exposure failed to show any signs of response to a 196-day challenge exposure. Calves experiencing a mild clinical response to B. bigemina following imidocarb treatment and exposure did, in some instances, show a second mild response when challenged 196 days after initial treatment.

Amidines↗
PubMed1986

Detection of an Anaplasma marginale common surface protein present in all stages of infection.

The establishment and maintenance of anaplasmosis-free cattle herds is impaired due to the lack of a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test to detect persistently infected cattle which serve as carriers for the organism. To develop an improved diagnostic test for anaplasmosis we screened Anaplasma marginale initial body proteins to identify a protein common to antigenically different isolates that is recognized by the host immune system at all stages of infection. Seronegative cattle were infected with either the Florida, Virginia, or North Texas isolate of A. marginale and monitored for infection by daily examination of Wright-stained blood smears for parasitized erythrocytes. Sera from cattle at different stages of infection, from acute through persistent, were used to immunoprecipitate A. marginale proteins that were metabolically radiolabeled with [35S]methionine or surface radiolabeled with 125I. Multiple A. marginale proteins were recognized by using sera either undiluted or at 1:10; however, only four or five proteins were sufficiently antigenic to elicit antibody reactive with a 1:1,000 serum dilution. A single protein with an apparent molecular mass of 86 kilodaltons was consistently recognized at all stages of infection regardless of the isolate used to infect the cattle. This protein was demonstrated to be on the surface of the A. marginale initial body and to be water soluble. We propose use of this 86-kilodalton protein to develop an improved serologic test for diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1986

Experimental Babesia equi infection in mature horses.

Nine 4-year-old Arabian geldings were experimentally infected with Babesia equi of European origin. All horses developed detectable parasitemia an average of 30 days after they were inoculated, which was accompanied by a decrease in PCV. The infections were generally mild with no animal deaths. All horses became serologically positive by the indirect fluorescent antibody test within an average of 23 days after they were inoculated and by the complement-fixation test 30 days after they were inoculated.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiologic aspects of bovine anaplasmosis in semiarid range conditions of south central Idaho.

The prevalance of Anaplasma marginale-infected cows, as determined by use of the modified rapid card agglutination (MRCA) test, was measured during a 4-year period (1980-1983). The prevalence of A marginale-infected cows, defined as positive reactors on the MRCA test, remained constant (31%-37%). The apparent incidence of A marginale transmission to susceptible cows was approximately 7% from 1980 to 1981, 8% from 1981 to 1982, and no transmission from 1982 to 1983. The occasional MRCA-positive cow became negative on the MRCA test, and 1 cow was determined to be free of A marginale infection by subinoculation of 100 ml of the cow's blood into a susceptible, splenectomized calf. Dermacentor andersoni, a known vector of A marginale, was often found on the cattle and in their environment. However, A marginale was not transmitted to susceptible, splenectomized calves, using collected ticks. Of 56 calves born to MRCA-positive cows, 82% were MRCA-positive within the first 3 months of life. These calves converted to MRCA-negative status and were determined to be free of A marginale infection by subinoculation of their blood into susceptible, splenectomized calves, indicating the passive transfer of colostral antibodies.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1985

Development of an indirect fluorescent antibody test, using microfluorometry as a diagnostic test for bovine anaplasmosis.

The indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle was modified for use with microfluorometry. The test was standardized by use of a fluorometer that measures intensity of fluorescence. Standardization included A marginale-infected blood smears on microscope slides as antigen, serum from an inoculated calf as a positive control containing specific antibody, and an affinity-purified fluorescein-conjugated anti-bovine immunoglobulin as 2nd antibody. The modified test and microfluorometry allowed for titration of sera from A marginale (Florida isolate)-inoculated cattle with a degree of accuracy exceeding visual determinations. In addition, the fluorometric test was more sensitive than the complement fixation or card agglutination tests in identifying cattle that had previous Anaplasma infections.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1985

Anaplasma marginale infections in American bison: experimental infection and serologic study.

Anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to bison and back to cattle. Of the 2 splenectomized and 1 intact American bison calves (Bison bison) inoculated with a North Texas A marginale stabilate, 1 splenectomized and 1 intact bison exhibited clinical signs of anaplasmosis. Active parasitemias in these bison were observed along with positive reactions in the rapid card agglutination and complement fixation tests. Blood from the infected bison produced disease in splenectomized bovine calves. Screening tests for anti-Anaplasma antibodies in 178 blood samples collected from adult bison from the National Bison Range, Montana, revealed 1 rapid card agglutination test-positive sample, and 110 negative, 40 suspect, and 28 positive (15.7%) complement fixation test samples.

Agglutination Tests↗