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Biomedical subjects

K L Kuttler

Publications and source records attributed to K L Kuttler.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Serologic comparisons of 4 Anaplasma isolates as measured by the complement-fixation test.

Anaplasma marginale isolated from Virginia ( VAM ), from North Texas ( NTAM ), from Florida (FAM), and Anaplasma ovis from Idaho were used in these trials. Complement-fixation antigens from each of the 4 isolates were used to compare complement-fixing antibody titers of 10 cattle infected with VAM , 17 with FAM, and 6 with NTAM . Strong cross-reactions occurred with all antigens and sera. The homologous system generally showed higher average antibody titers. The serum antibody titers occurring with the A. ovis antigen were significantly lower than those seen with A. marginale antigens. Serum antibody titer differences as measured by FAM and NTAM antigens on sera from VAM , NTAM and FAM failed to reach significance. Serum antibody titer comparisons using VAM antigen were significantly different from those occurring with FAM and NTAM in most instances.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1984

Anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review.

Anaplasma marginale can be transmitted, will grow and can survive in a large number of domestic and wild animals. It is pathogenic in cattle, and usually produces nonapparent or mild infections in other species. Anaplasma marginale has been recovered from cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana americana), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis), black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnu), blesbuck (Damaliscus albifrons), and duiker (Sylvicapra grimmi grimmi). Unidentified anaplasms have been seen in, and in some instances isolated from, Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), Cokes hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii), Thompson's gazelle (Gazella thompsonii), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), and sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), with serological evidence of Anaplasma infection in an even wider range of wild ruminant species. Anaplasma ovis, A. centrale, or other as yet unidentified anaplasms may well occur in other ruminants. With the exception of black-tailed deer, the epidemiologic significance of anaplasmosis in wildlife has yet to be determined. The only wild animal in which Anaplasma is reported to produce serious clinical disease is the giraffe.

Africa↗
PubMed1984

Serologic and clinical responses of premunized, vaccinated, and previously infected cattle to challenge exposure by two different Anaplasma marginale isolates.

Two Anaplasma marginale isolates, one originating in Florida (FAM) and the other from Virginia (VAM), were compared immunologically by cross-challenge exposure of 14 Anaplasma carrier cattle, 8 previously infected cattle, and 6 splenectomized carrier calves. In addition, 28 cattle vaccinated with a commercially available adjuvant killed vaccine and 22 nonvaccinated cattle were challenge exposed with either FAM or VAM. A detectable clinical response was not produced by either FAM or VAM challenge exposure in carrier and previously infected cattle; however, evidence of A marginale growth as characterized by low percentages of parasitemia and increased serum complement-fixation titers was seen in carrier cattle given a heterologous challenge organism and in previously infected cattle inoculated with either homologous or heterologous organisms. Among splenectomized calves, there was virtually no cross protection to the heterologous challenge exposure, whereas a homologous challenge failed to elicit any detectable response. Vaccinated cattle were resistant to VAM exposure, but the clinical response to FAM exposure was severe with a 47% mortality. Most of these cattle displayed typical acute anaplasmosis that was only marginally less severe than that encountered in nonvaccinated cattle.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1984

Effect of dexamethasone on babesiasis in hamsters.

Three subcutaneous injections of 0.20 mg of dexamethasone/kg of body weight caused a substantial increase in Babesia microti-parasitized RBC of hamsters, indicating that this was a useful method for revealing the presence of latent infections. A relative neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia were also seen in the long-term B microti-infected carrier hamsters after 0.20 mg or 0.02 mg of dexamethasone/kg. Noninfected hamsters treated with dexamethasone had a neutrophilic leukocytosis and a transient lymphocytopenia. Spleen to body weight ratios of noninfected hamsters decreased significantly (P less than 0.02) after 4 injections with either dosage level. These ratios did not significantly (P greater than 0.05) decrease in dexamethasone-treated infected hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Immune responses of calves antigenically stimulated and challenge exposed with Anaplasma marginale during tick infestation or treatment with dexamethasone.

Similar anamnestic antibody responses to a 2nd injection of a Anaplasma marginale vaccinal antigen were observed in calves infested with the tick Dermacentor albipictus and in tick-free calves. When challenge exposure of these calves to virulent A marginale was done, infestation with the tick Boophilus microplus increased anemia (P less than 0.01), but did not suppress antibody production to A marginale or increase parasitemia. None of the vaccinated calves, regardless of infestation, experienced clinical anaplasmosis. Mitogenic responses of lymphocytes from infested animals were unaltered by either infestation. Tick infestations did not cause immune suppression in the calves, whereas use of dexamethasone resulted in a significantly lower antibody response (P less than 0.05) after a 2nd injection of vaccinal antigen. After challenge with virulent A marginale, dexamethasone-treated calves showed more pronounced parasitemia (P less than 0.01) and anemia (P less than 0.01) than did control calves. Anaplasmosis did not prevent the calves from developing resistance to reinfestation, which was accompanied by immediate, but not delayed, hypersensitivity reactions against homologous tick extracts. Dermacentor albipictus did not seem to share common antigenic determinants with B microplus, since extracts from the latter did not elicit immediate hypersensitivity responses in calves sensitive to D albipictus extracts. Calves were somewhat resistant to reinfestation as evidenced by reduced numbers of adult fed ticks, decreased weights of ticks after feeding, and smaller egg masses.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1984

Bovine anaplasmosis: in utero transmission and the immunologic significance of ingested colostral antibodies.

Neonate progeny from 3 Anaplasma-free (clean) and 5 Anaplasma-carrier cows were splenectomized and each was challenge exposed with 5 ml of carrier blood. Prepatent times were between 18 and 25 days in calves born of clean cows and between 21 and 36 days in progeny from carrier dams. The lowest packed cell volume values in the clean group occurred at 25 to 39 days after the challenge inoculation and at 29 to 47 days in the carrier group. Highest parasitemias in the clean-calves ranged between 13% and 51% in 25 to 35 days and between 35% to 64% in 38 to 43 days in the carrier calves. Seven splenectomized calves were inoculated with 60 ml of whole blood from progeny of known Anaplasma-free or Anaplasma-carrier cows. After 183 days, all but 1 calf remained free of anaplasmosis. A 1% parasitemia was first observed in that calf 12 days after inoculation with blood from a calf which showed signs of acute anaplasmosis at birth. The infected neonate's dam had recovered from acute anaplasmosis infection during the middle of the second trimester of the gestation. Although not statistically significant, colostral antibodies and/or other maternal factors did not seem to completely protect progeny, but lengthened the prepatent period and delayed anemia and the climax of parasitemia. Further, it was determined that it was possible for an animal affected with acute anaplasmosis before the 190th day of the gestation to transmit anaplasmosis in utero.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1983

Observations on anaplasmosis following field exposure to heavy and light infestations with Boophilus microplus.

Two groups of Normandy calves were exposed to heavy (mean half body count = greater than 300) or light (mean half body count = 9) natural infestations with Boophilus microplus. All of the calves became infected with Anaplasma marginale. Despite the difference in tick challenge level, there was no significant difference in the incubation period, increase in body temperature, level or duration of Anaplasma parasitemia, decrease in packed cell volume, or complement-fixing antibody response, between the heavily and lightly infected calves. Neither the incubation period nor the clinical severity of anaplasmosis was significantly influenced by the number of infested tick vectors.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1983

Cell culture-derived Babesia bovis vaccine: sequential challenge exposure of protective immunity during a 6-month postvaccination period.

Cell culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis vaccine admixed with a saponin adjuvant was administered in 2 doses, 3 weeks between doses, to 18 yearling heifers. An additional 9 heifers served as nonvaccinated controls. Comparable groups of these animals were challenge exposed at 131 and 178 days after vaccination, using 1 X 10(8) B bovis organisms contained in freshly collected blood from a splenectomized calf with ascending parasitemia. Challenge exposure led to no deaths of vaccinated animals, whereas 4 of the control (nonvaccinated) animals died of disease. All clinical and hematologic variables examined indicated that the vaccinated animals had gained immunologic protection in comparison with the control group. An immune recognition as manifested by an anamnestic humoral response to challenge exposure was in evidence in the vaccinated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Influence of a second Anaplasma exposure on the success of treatment to eliminate Anaplasma carrier infections in cattle.

Treatment of adult Anaplasma carrier cows, with long-acting oxytetracycline at dosage levels generally successful in eliminating infection, was unsuccessful when the treatment was preceded or accompanied by a 2nd exposure to A marginale on days 0, 7, or 14 before treatment. Noninfected calves exposed to A marginale 7 days before a similar treatment developed anaplasmosis and became carriers of infection.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1982

Efficacy of a nonviable culture-derived Babesia bovis vaccine.

Tissue culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis antigens were combined with a saponin adjuvant and used to vaccinate 3 adult cows and 8 yearling heifers. Each animal was vaccinated twice at a 3-week interval between vaccinations. Two adult cattle were premunized with an attenuated B bovis. All vaccinated cattle and premunized cattle along with 3 nonvaccinated adult cattle and 8 nonvaccinated yearling heifers were challenge exposed 4 weeks after the 2nd vaccine dose by IM inoculation of an estimated 1 x 10(8) virulent B bovis organisms. Both vaccinated and nonvaccinated controls responded to challenge exposure, whereas the premunized cattle were refractory to challenge exposure. These cattle given the adjuvant-vaccine showed a significantly milder clinical response to infection. Death occurred in 2 of the 3 adult controls and 2 of the 8 yearling controls. Death losses or severe reactions were not seen among the vaccinated cattle. Vaccinated animals, before challenge exposure, failed to respond serologically to the complement-fixation test even though specific antibodies to B bovis antigens were detected with the indirect antibodies to B bovis antigens were detected with the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The apparent absence of isoimmunizing antigens and the ability to serologically distinguish vaccinated animals from infected animals are additional attributes which contribute to the potential usefulness of this vaccine.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1981

Clinical chemistry of anaplasmosis: blood chemical changes in infected mature cows.

The clinical chemical changes induced by Anaplasma marginale infection were determined in 16 adult, intact cows infected with either of 2 virulent isolates and in 8 others treated with a live sheep-attenuated A marginale vaccine and were compared with the clinical chemical analyses in 7 noninfected controls. Blood samples from the cows were analyzed for various serum components and during clinical disease. Cows infected with the 2 virulent isolates had maximum erythrocyte parasitemias (0.5% to 66%) between 1 and 11 days of patency (DP); 7 of the 16 infected animals died within 5 to 12 DP. Cows given the sheep-attenuated anaplasma vaccine had maximum parasitemias (0.1% to 4.2%) between 1 and 16 DP and none died. Infection with the virulent isolates produced severe anemia (mean RBC count = about 2 million/mm3) and caused increases in serum total bilirubin (TBILI), direct bilirubin (DBILI), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) that were significantly higher than comparable changes in control values. These increases were highest after peak parasitemias in surviving animals. Vaccination with the attenuated isolate produced a mild anemia (mean RBC count = about 5 million/mm3) and a significant increase only in ALP. Marked increase in TBILI, DBILI, SUN, ALP, and AST were detected 0 to 1 day before death in 3 cows. However, such increases were not observed 2 to 4 days before death in the other cows that died.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1981

Clinical chemistry of anaplasmosis: comparative serum protein changes elicited by attenuated and virulent Anaplasma marginale isolates.

In a comparative study of the clinical chemical changes during Anaplasma marginale infection, 16 intact mature cows were infected with either of 2 virulent isolates. Eight others were treated with a live A marginale vaccine (sheep-attenuated) and 7 were maintained as controls. Before and during patency, samples of blood from the cows were analyzed for total WBC, parasitemia, card test titer (CTT), total protein, albumin, and globulin fractions. In the cows inoculated with virulent isolates, albumin was significantly depressed throughout patency, whereas gamma-globulins and WBC were increased after peak parasitemia, as well as during recovery. The CTT was highest immediately after peak parasitemia. A significant increase was not observed in beta-globulin. Seven of the 16 infected cows died, but no consistent patterns of change in serum protein fractions or WBC could be associated with mortality. The 8 cows vaccinated with the attenuated isolate showed a significant mean decrease in albumin throughout patency, but no significant mean increase in alpha- or beta-globulin. A mean increase in gamma-globulin was observed only during the recovery period. The CTT increased gradually throughout patency, peaking during the recovery period. A significant mean increase over control in WBC count was observed only during rising parasitemia.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1981

Comparative titration of Anaplasma marginale antibodies by card agglutination and complement-fixation tests.

The card agglutination test for anaplasmosis was improved so that bovine serum could be titrated for Anaplasma antibodies. The modified test was validated when its results on 1 set of serum samples were compared with the results furnished by the complement-fixation test on the same set. The samples tested were from cows inoculated with an Anaplasma vaccine or with either 1 of 2 virulent strains of Anaplasma marginale. A correlation coefficient of 0.60 was calculated between the values of the titers furnished by the 2 tests, and regression equations were calculated and used to estimate the serum titer in 1 test from a titer measured in the other. The results indicate that the simple card agglutination test can yield titers comparable with those of the complement-fixation test.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1981

Antibody kinetics in response to vaccination against Babesia bovis.

The kinetics of specific indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test titers and total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM values were determined in cattle vaccinated with culture-derived soluble Babesia organisms. Nineteen days after challenge exposure (postinoculation day 67), vaccinated cattle had a strong anamnestic response and mean IFA titers reached 1:48,710. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations were increased after vaccination and after challenge exposure. A nonspecific suppression of total IgG (controls) and IgM (vaccinated animals and controls) values also was observed, the depression coinciding with the period of peak parasitemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Infection of splenectomized calves with Anaplasma ovis.

An Anaplasma was not recovered from 2 splenectomized calves at 17 days after A ovis inoculation, but was recovered from 1 of the calves at 177 days after inoculation. In a 3rd calf exposed to A ovis, an Anaplasma was recovered at 177 and 262 days after inoculation. the Anaplasma recovered from these calves was determined to be A ovis on the basis of cross-infectivity trials, using Anaplasma marginale.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1980

Pharmacotherapeutics of drugs used in treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

Treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in cattle is practical and effective when given early in the course of infection, before the onset of severe anemia or neurologic disorders. The tetracyclines (usually oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline) are the only effective specific compounds approved for use against anaplasmosis in the United States. Oxytetracycline, at the rate of 6.6 to 11 mg/kg of body weight given one to three times IM or IV, effectively moderates the course of infection. Chlortetracycline administered orally in dosages as small a 1.1 mg/kg will prevent infection and in dosages ranging from 2.2 to 11 mg/kg for 30 to 90 days will eliminate carrier infection. Babesiosis in cattle is effectively treated by a large number of babesiacidal compounds, but in practice, diminazene aceturate (3 to 5 mg/kg, IM), amicarbalide (5 to 10 mg/kg, IM), and imidocarb (1 to 3 mg/kg, IM) are most often used. However, none of these compounds is approved for use in treating babesiosis in cattle in the United States. Larger amounts of these compounds are usually required for the treatment of babesiosis in the horse and in the dog, and the elimination of babesiosis in these species is much more difficult than it is for babesiosis in cattle.

Amidines↗
PubMed1980

A malaria parasite of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and its relation with known species of Plasmodium in other ungulates.

With the exception of the human malaria parasites, the mammalian species of Plasmodium have a fairly restricted geographical distribution, while the incidence of the infection in the different orders of mammals is patchy. A few species have been described in ungulates in the Old World Tropics, but Plasmodium odocoilei sp.nov. of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Texas is the first example to be found in the New World. It was discovered in an adult specimen that had had its spleen removed. Only the blood stages of the parasite are known, but these show various remarkable features: the presence of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and the enormous distortion and discoloration of the infected red blood cell. The phylogeny of the parasite is discussed in relation to that of the vertebrate host and it is suggested that Cervid stock crossed the Bering Land Bridge in the Pliocene Age, carrying a plasmodial infection that was the common source of malaria in the Old World Tragulidae and in the New World Odocoileus.

Animals↗