Biomedical subjects

K Mohammad

Publications and source records attributed to K Mohammad.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle utilisation rate in Tehran: the unmet need.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of the met and unmet need for spectacles and their associated factors in the population of Tehran. METHODS: 6497 Tehran citizens were enrolled through random cluster sampling and were invited to a clinic for an interview and ophthalmic examination. 4354 (70.3%) participated in the survey, and refraction measurement results of 4353 people aged 5 years and over are presented. The unmet need for spectacles was defined as the proportion of people who did not use spectacles despite a correctable visual acuity of worse than 20/40 in the better eye. RESULTS: The need for spectacles in the studied population, standardised for age and sex, was 14.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 12.8% to 15.4%). This need was met with appropriate spectacles in 416 people (9.3% of the total sample), while it was unmet in 230 people, representing 4.8% of the total sample population (95% CI, 4.1% to 5.4%). The spectacle coverage rate (met need/(met need + unmet need)) was 66.0%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that variables of age, education, and type of refractive error were associated with lack of spectacle correction. There was an increase in the unmet need with older age, lesser education, and myopia. CONCLUSION: This survey determined the met and unmet need for spectacles in a Tehran population. It also identified high risk groups with uncorrected refractive errors to guide intervention programmes for the society. While the study showed the unmet need for spectacles and its determinants, more extensive studies towards the causes of unmet need are recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Distribution of intraocular pressure in healthy Iranian individuals: the Tehran Eye Study.

AIM: To provide data on the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) in an Iranian population. METHODS: Through a population based, cross sectional study, 4565 Tehran citizens were studied in the Tehran Eye Study. The findings from the participants (n = 3834) aged 10 years and older free of glaucoma diagnosis or suspicion who had undergone applanation tonometry examination are presented. All participants received a standardised protocol including applanation tonometry, fundus examination, demographic data, and an interview. IOP measurement was used to evaluate its distribution by age, sex, and some eye parameters. RESULTS: Mean (SD) IOP was 14.5 (2.6) mm Hg in the total population, 14.4 (2.7) in men, and 14.5 (2.5) in women. Mean (SD) IOP in people > or =40 years was 15.1 (2.9) mm Hg. IOP increased significantly with age and cup:disc ratio except for a fall in old age. This relation was also observed when individuals without diabetes or hypertension history were analysed. IOP increased with darker eye pigmentation except for blue/grey eyes. There was a non-linear increase in IOP from emmetropic to high myopic eyes. CONCLUSION: Age, iris colour, and cup:disc ratio were related to IOP but not to sex. The distribution of IOP in this study was different from various other studies in different geographical regions and it seems advisable to employ a geographical approach to normal IOP interpretation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Tehran: the Tehran Eye Study.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Tehran, Iran, through a population based study. METHODS: In a population based, cross sectional study, 6497 Tehran citizens were sampled from 160 clusters using a stratified, random, cluster sampling strategy. The eligible people were enumerated through a door to door household survey in the selected clusters and were invited. All participants were transferred to a clinic for an extensive eye examination and interview. Visual impairment was determined using presenting and best corrected visual acuity (low vision: visual acuity of less than 6/18 to 3/60 in the better eye; blindness: visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye). RESULTS: Of those sampled, 4565 (70.3%) people participated in the study. The age and sex standardised prevalences of visual impairment on the basis of best corrected and presenting visual acuity were 1.39% (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07 to 1.71) and 2.52% (95% CI, 2.07 to 2.97), respectively. 15 people (0.28%; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.42) were blind with corrected vision while 22 (0.39%; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.56) were blind with presenting vision. Using the corrected and presenting vision, the prevalence of low visual impairment was 1.11% (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.39) and 2.13% (95% CI, 1.71 to 2.55), respectively. The causes of visual impairment according to the best corrected vision were cataract (36.0%), macular degeneration (20.0%), and amblyopia (10.7%). However, according to the presenting vision, uncorrected refractive errors were the most frequent primary cause (33.6%) and cataract (25.4%), macular degeneration (12.7%), and amblyopia (8.2%) were the other main causes of visual impairment in the study sample. The prevalence of visual impairment was associated with advancing age and lower education. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the burden of visual impairment is important and, although easily preventable, uncorrected refractive errors and cataract have a major role as causes of visual impairment in this population. Results also highlight the need for visual impairment prevention programmes, with emphasis on treatment of refractive errors and cataract.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran.

BACKGROUND: No national data on the prevalence of mental disorders are available in Iran. Such information may be a prerequisite for efficient national mental health intervention. AIMS: To determine the mental health status of a population sample aged 15 years and over. METHOD: Through random cluster sampling, 35 014 individuals were selected and evaluated using the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire. A complementary semi-structured clinical interview was also undertaken to detect learning disability ('mental retardation'), epilepsy and psychosis. RESULTS: About a fifth of the people in the study (25.9% of the women and 14.9% of the men) were detected as likely cases. The prevalence of mental disorders was 21.3% in rural areas and 20.9% in urban areas. Depression and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent than somatisation and social dysfunction. The interview of families by general practitioners revealed that the rates of learning disability, epilepsy and psychosis were 1.4%, 1.2% and 0.6%, respectively. Prevalence increased with age and was higher in the married, widowed, divorced, unemployed and retired people. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence rates are comparable with international studies. There is a wide regional difference in the country, and women are at greater risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Standardized percentile curves of body mass index of Iranian children compared to the US population reference.

OBJECTIVE: To present standardized percentile curves of body mass index (BMI) for Iranian children, and compare these to the US population reference. SUBJECTS: 1599 boys and 1702 girls aged 2-18 y living in urban Tehran as a part of a random cluster sample survey of 1 in 1000 families throughout Iran. MEASUREMENTS: Heights (cm) and weights (kg) were collected by trained health staff. RESULTS: Standardized BMI reference curves for Iranian boys and girls were constructed. The curves are shown to fit the data well. The development pattern of BMI for boys and girls are compared. CONCLUSIONS: The major differences observed between Iranian and the US BMI charts underline the need for population-specific reference data. For children over six years the 5th and 95th percentiles of our data may be used provisionally as cut-off points for defining thinness and obesity for Iranian children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Is estrogen necessary after hysteroscopic incision of the uterine septum?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of estrogen after hysteroscopic incision of the uterine septum. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded study. SETTING: A national referral university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty women in whom hysterosalpingography (HSG) showed a fundal defect and had septate uterus confirmed by laparoscopy. INTERVENTIONS: Preoperative HSG, hysteroscopic incision of the septum, and postoperative HSG. Four patients were omitted from the analysis because the angle of the uterus could not be corrected, as shown by postoperative HSG. Group 1 (23 women) received conjugated estrogen and progesterone postoperatively and group 2 (23 women) received no hormone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The ratios of the length of the septum to the length of the uterus in the HSGs obtained preoperatively (a/b) and postoperatively (a'/b') were calculated and subtracted from each other (a/b - a'/b'). The means of the subtractions in the two groups were compared. The t test was used for statistical comparison. The results showed no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Estrogen has no apparent role after hysteroscopic incision of the septum.

Double-Blind Method↗

PubMed1996

Comparative Hysteroscopic Findings in Women with Primary and Secondary Infertility

We compared hysteroscopic findings in 248 patients with primary infertility with those of 150 women with secondary infertility. Weight and height were not significantly different. The result of hysteroscopy was normal in almost half of the patients, 133 and 68, respectively. Septate uterus (21, 17), endometrial polyps (8, 6), uterine myomata (8, 2), and ostial diaphragm (39, 17) were not statistically different between the groups. The prevalence of intrauterine synechiae was significantly different (24, 31, p <0.01); all of the synechiae in women with primary infertility were due to pelvic tuberculosis. Since the presence of ostial diaphragm was not statistically different between groups, we suggest that its etiology might be an anatomic defect rather than intrauterine synechiae.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

New Technique for Reducing the Risk of Perforation of the Uterus at the Beginning of Dilatation and Curettage

The most critical part of dilatation and curettage (D&C) is blind dilatation of the cervix. A new technique is suggested to prevent perforation of the uterus when dilating a very narrow cervical canal. The external os is dilated only with a 2- to 7-mm Hegar dilator. Then a 7-mm rigid hysteroscope attached to a distending medium source is passed into the canal and, under hysteroscopic guidance, through the canal to the internal os. Thus the dilator is passed in the correct direction. When the smallest dilator cannot be passed after this maneuver, the internal os can be dilated using minigrasping forceps under hysteroscopic vision. We believe that this new technique will reduce the risk of perforating the uterus during D&C.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Septate uterus: new idea on the histologic features of the septum in this abnormal uterus.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to examine some of the classic concepts about the histologic features of the uterine septum. STUDY DESIGN: Four biopsy specimens were taken from 16 patients with septate uteri during Tompkins metroplasty: biopsy A from the septum near the serosal layer, biopsy B from the midpoint of the septum, biopsy C from the tip of the septum, and biopsy D from the left posterior aspect of the uterus away from the septum. Thirteen characteristics were examined in these specimens by means of mean ridit analysis and Bonferroni criteria for multiple comparisons in relation to connective tissues (four characteristics), muscles (four characteristics), and vessels (five characteristics). RESULTS: In the septum the mean ridit score was less for the amount of connective tissues (p < 0.001) and higher for the amount of muscle tissue (p < 0.025), amount of muscle interlacing (p < 0.05), and vessels with a muscle wall (p < 0.005). However, the Bonferroni criterion for multiple comparisons was only significant for the amount of connective tissue (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings of less connective tissue in the septum, which was confirmed by the Bonferroni criterion for multiple comparisons and the mean ridit results for the three other significant findings, were contrary to the classic view about the histologic features of the septum.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Histocompatibility leukocyte antigens in Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome.

Histocompatibility leukocyte antigens of 32 patients with Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome were compared with a control healthy population of 100. For analysis chi 2 with Yates' correction and Bonferroni criterion for multiple comparisons were used. Seven antigens were significant in the chi 2 test, but only three were confirmed in the Bonferroni criterion (Aw19, DRw52, and DQw1) (p < 0.001). The study showed certain associations between Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and the major histocompatibility complex.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1994

Comparison of Adhesion Formation in Open Wedge Resection (OWR) With Microsurgical Wedge Resection (MWR)

In 21 patients with polycystic ovarian disease, a laparotomy ovarian wedge resection was performed on both ovaries. The vessels were coagulated with a mini-bipolar instrument. Then, randomly one ovary was left open and the other closed with Vicryl material (5-0 in the interior and 8-0 on the edge of the ovary). Six weeks later, during a second look laparoscopy, the ovaries were scored according to adhesion formation (AFS classification). The mean score of adhesion in the two groups was 52/21 MWR and 82/21 OWR. The mean and standard error for the differences of scores were 1.43 and 0.94, respectively, which were not significant. Contrary to the previous report (Am J Obstet Gynecol; 163:1674, 1990), our study in humans does not show that the OWR is superior to MWR.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

The Use of Veress Needle and 10-mm Trocar (VN) Versus Direct Trocar Insertion (DTI) in the Beginning of Laparoscopy

Seven hundred fifty-six women were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (378 cases) were operated on via laparoscopy with VN and group 2 (378 cases) with DTI technique. Complications were compared between the two groups. No major complications occurred. Minor complications were: a problem with insufflation of CO2 (19 VN, 2 DTI, P<0.001); more than one insertion of the instrument (18 VN, 13 DTI, NS); need to alter the technique (6 VN, 10 DTI, NS); and penetration of the fascia but not the peritoneum by trocar sleeve (2 VN, 19 DTI, P<0.001). The significant differences found presented no serious problems, and we concluded that both methods were satisfactory.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

The Hyperglycemia and Hyponatremia Response of Patients During Operative Hysteroscopy with 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)

In 20 patients undergoing operative hysteroscopy using D5W, the rate of hyperglycemia and hyponatremia was examined. All patients exhibited hyperglycemia during and two hours after the procedure as follows: ten patients had hyperglycemia but with less than 100% increase from the normal level of serum glucose, two patients had between a 100% and 300% increase, and eight patients had more than a 300% increase. The rate of hyponatremia was higher in group three than one (7/8 versus 1/10, P=0.0037). The oral GTT was normal in all of the patients. One explanation of these results is that the difference in absorption of glucose is the cause of different hyperglycemic responses. Can we find a test to distinguish these groups prior to hysteroscopic operation?

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Surgical Vaginoscopy

Intravaginal operations in young girls is difficult. The narrowness of the vagina and desire by certain girls to have the hymen intact leads to limitations. The small view and the problem of performing surgery with the conventional vaginoscope are impractical. It was decided to use a 7 mm hysteroscope attached to D5W (for dilatation) in such situations. The benefits were: clear panoramic view, dilatation of vagina for better diagnosis, and better surgical maneuverability via the surgical channel of the hysteroscope. This abstract describes experiences in four young girls with: endocervical polyp (2 cases), pedunculated intracervical myoma (1 case) and a huge cervical cyst (1 case). Surgical vaginoscopy was facilitated by the use of a 7-mm hysteroscope and the operation was successful in all of these patients without traumatizing the hymen.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Ovarian malposition in women with uterine anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of malposition of the ovary in patients with uterine anomalies compared to patients with a normal uterus. METHODS: Ovarian malposition was investigated in 1082 patients via laparoscopy. Only ovaries in which the upper pole was attached to the area above the common iliac vessels were designated as malpositioned; often the lower pole was attached inside the pelvis. These patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of women with congenital uterine anomalies (divided into subgroup A, congenital absence of the uterus and unicornuate uterus, and subgroup B, other uterine anomalies). Group II included those women with a normal uterus (control group). RESULTS: The incidence of malposition of the ovary was higher in group I than group II (P < .001). When we separately compared subgroup A and subgroup B with the control group, only subgroup A had a significantly higher incidence (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our results reveal that the incidence of malposition of the ovary is higher in patients with congenital uterine anomalies than in a control group. This is especially true when the uterus is absent or is only partially present.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1991

Primary health care and immunisation in Iran.

The Primary Health Care (PHC) network of Iran consists of a rural and an urban branch. While the rural branch presently covers a sizeable portion of the rural population, the urban PHC project is in its early stages of implementation. The Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) in Iran, which started as an independent and vertical project in early 1983, is being gradually integrated into the PHC network as the latter expands. Results of the second PHC programme review of Iran shows that immunisation coverage of children has improved appreciably since the first PHC review, especially for BCG which stands at 56.3%. Complete immunisation at first birthday in the rural areas with the PHC services is 44.1%, whereas for urban areas other than Teheran it is 28.1%. While the high coverage in the rural areas is attributed to the 'active' approach and vigilance of the providers of immunisation (i.e. the community health workers and the vaccinators of the mobile teams), the higher coverage in the capital city of Teheran is attributed to the involvement of private paediatricians and the generally higher social, economic, and educational status as well as higher interest of mothers. It is noticed that the results of cluster sampling for determination of immunisation coverage in large metropolitan areas of the developing world must be interpreted with much care. The reason is that in these areas extreme fluctuations in the crude birth rate are common and therefore results tend to over-represent the attributes of the segment of population with lower birth rate. It is also argued that complete immunisation might not be the best indicator for assessing the progress of the immunisation efforts. These and other findings are discussed in detail. are discussed in detail.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1989

A blocking agent and a blocking step are not needed in ELISA, immunostaining dot-blots and western blots.

The effect of blocking and non-blocking was compared in ELISA, immunostaining dot-blots and western blots using phosphate-buffered saline with and without the addition of Tween 20 for washes and dilutions. The results indicated that when Tween 20 was included in phosphate-buffered saline, a blocking agent and a blocking step were not required in immunoassays. Moreover, the use of protein-based blocking agents was found to somewhat lower the reactivity between the antibody and the antigen, possibly due to steric hindrance.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Distribution of HLA antigens in Zoroastrians.

The frequencies of HLA locus A, B and C antigens were determined in a previously unstudied population, the Zoroastrians. The phenotype and gene frequencies for this group are presented and contrasted with the distribution of HLA antigens among the Iranian Moslems. Comparison of the HLA profiles of these two Iranian populations suggests that the present Zoroastrians are a distinct group.

Chromosome Mapping↗